How to Make a Model of an Atom

Atoms are the smallest units of each element and the building blocks of matter. Heres how to make a model of an atom. Learn the Parts of the Atom The first step is to learn the parts of an atom so you know how the model should look. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. A simple traditional atom contains an equal number of each type of particle. Helium, for example, is shown using 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. The form of an atom is due to the electric charge of its parts. Each proton has one positive charge. Each electron has one negative charge. Each neutron is neutral or carries no electric charge. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other, so you might expect the protons and electrons to stick to each other. Thats not how it works out  because there is a force that holds protons and neutrons together. The electrons are attracted to the core of protons/neutrons, but its like being in orbit around the Earth. You are attracted to the Earth by gravity, but when youre in orbit, you perpetually fall around the planet rather than down to the surface. Similarly, electrons orbit around the nucleus. Even if they fall toward it, they are moving too fast to stick. Sometimes electrons get enough energy to break free or the nucleus attracts additional electrons. These behaviors are the basis for why chemical reactions occur! Find Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons You can use any materials that you can stick together with sticks, glue, or tape. Here are some ideas: If you can, use three colors, for protons, neutrons, and electrons. If youre trying to be as realistic as possible, its worth knowing protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other, while electrons are much smaller. Presently, it is believed each particle is round. Material Ideas Ping pong ballsGumdropsFoam ballsClay or doughMarshmallowsPaper circles (taped to paper) Assemble the Atom Model The nucleus or core of each atom consists of protons and neutrons. Make the nucleus by sticking protons and neutrons to each other. For a helium nucleus, for example, you would stick 2 protons and 2 neutrons together. The force that holds the particles together is invisible. You can stick them together using glue or whatever is handy. Electrons orbit around the nucleus. Each electron carries a negative electrical charge that repels other electrons, so most models show the electrons spaced as far apart from each other as possible. Also, the distance of the electrons from the nucleus is organized into shells that contain a set number of electrons. The inner shell holds a maximum of two electrons. For a helium atom, place two electrons the same distance from the nucleus, but on opposite sides of it. Here are some materials you could attach the electrons to the nucleus: Invisible nylon fishing lineStringToothpicksDrinking straws How to Model an Atom of a Particular Element If you want to make a model of a particular element, take a look at a periodic table. Every element in the periodic table has an atomic number. For example, hydrogen is element number 1 and carbon is element number 6. The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of that element. So, you know you need 6 protons to make a model of carbon. To make a carbon atom, make 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Bundle the protons and neutrons together to make the nucleus and put the electrons outside the atom. Note that the model gets slightly more complicated when you have more than 2 electrons (if youre trying to model as realistically as possible) because only 2 electrons fit into the inner shell. You can use an electron configuration chart to determine how many electrons to put into the next shell. Carbon has 2 electrons in the inner shell and 4 electrons in the next shell. You could further subdivide the electron shells into their subshells, if you wish. The same process can be used to make models of heavier elements.

Robert Heilbroner s Twenty First Century Capitalism

The world has developed over years in business, technology and science. Capitalism has been the key to the development of business and a countries economy capitalism has changed the economy and society in both positive and negative ways both suitable. Robert Heilbroner book†Twenty-first-century capitalism(1993)† talked about going beyond economic theories too but focuses on the problems of modern economic society. He thought of capitalism as the interrelationship between the economic system and a political order ,that is howâ€Å"two realms of capitalism† were formed. As we go on in this essay certain questions would need to be answered like â€Å" how did capitalism start competition , is the government allowed to interfere in a capitalist market†¦show more content†¦Finally, we come to market societies and the term Laissez-faire is a french word meaning †leave alone† which means that the government allows the people to conduct business or d o as they please in the interest of the market without their intervention in it ,at this point this is where the separation of economy and state was formed†Business stands behind government in emergencies,while government stands behind business between emergencies†(Heilbroner,p.57). The modern capitalism was brought about by Adam Smith, who did not agree with the idea of the mercantilism . He believed in limited government regulations were needed and that division of labor was very necessary. If modern capitalism is mentioned a major factor to it was the industrial revolution, this process was when the use of animals for the production of goods and services was depleted and mechanical power was what replaced. The clearly meant the government left the business and allowed it to be controlled by the people. His theory was if government let did not associate themselves with business,that companies would be more than ready to lower the prices of goods and services. â€Å" Markets are the conduits through which the energies of system flow and the mechanism by which the private realm can organize its tasks without the direct intervention of the public realm†(Heilbroner,p.74). This

Idling Engine Ban Free Essays

1. To what extent do you agree with the idling engine ban? A few years ago, the Environmental Protection Department proposed to legislate the idling engine ban, under which all vehicles must switch off their engines. I totally disagree with the idling engine ban, for I think that this policy not only cannot bring benefits to pedestrians in air quality, but instead brings harm to drivers and passengers. We will write a custom essay sample on Idling Engine Ban or any similar topic only for you Order Now To start with, the idling engine ban brings inconvenience to drivers. As the idling engine ban proposes that a driver has to switch off their idle engines immediately, drivers had to switch of their engines even if they had to wait in a place for as short as 3 minutes. This abrupt switching off and on of the engine is not only bothersome to drivers, but may lead to a shorter lifespan of motor vehicles. Apart from the harm to the driver, a problem of poor ventilation is caused by the idling engine ban, which affects both drivers and passengers. As stated by the government, vehicles are the second largest local source of air pollutants. In the middle of the road where traffic is intense, if a driver has to switch off the air conditioner and open the windows, the driver and the passengers will breathe in harmful gases which will affect their health in the long term. Also, when the temperature reaches above 30 degrees in summer, drivers and passengers have a high chance of suffering from heat strokes if the air conditioner is turned off. To maintain a driver’s good condition of health is crucial when driving, therefore the idling engine ban is not feasible. Moreover, from the government’s perspective, it is difficult for the idling engine ban to be implemented. Firstly, a fine of $320 may not be severe enough to stop drivers from switching on their idling engines. Secondly, as there are many exemptions to the ban, the police will not be able to identify violating vehicles effectively. The usefulness of the ban would be greatly decreased. The government stated that the idling engine ban can reduce air pollution in Hong Kong as vehicles are a main pollutant. I agree that the ban can improve the health of Hong Kong citizens and pedestrians in particular, though only in a small extent. However, statistics show that emissions produced when vehicles are idle are only a small part of gas emitted by vehicles. In fact, running vehicles produce a major part of pollutants. Thus, I think that the idling engine ban is not significant enough; the government should consider alternatives to tackle the major problem of the increasing number of private cars to reduce air pollution. To conclude, the idling engine ban would cause inconvenience to drivers and affect the health of drivers and pedestrians. It would be difficult to implement and ineffective to reduce air pollution. Therefore, I totally disagree with the idling engine ban as it brings harmful effects to all stakeholders. 2. What can individuals, private organizations and the government do to ease the costs you have identified in Q1? In Q1, I have identified the costs of the idling engine ban as inconvenience to drivers, poor ventilation during hot weather, difficult implementation and insignificance in reducing air pollution. Firstly, if the idling engine ban was implemented, individual drivers can develop more self-discipline and abide to the laws so that gas emissions will decrease. They can also report on cases of violating the ban. The effectiveness of the ban would increase and implementation of the ban would be more successful. Individuals can also ride on public vehicles more often, so that the major source of air pollutants would be cut down. Secondly, private organizations such as environmental organizations can tell Hong Kong citizens the benefits of the idling engine ban through large-scale functions or advertisements, so that more drivers will see the meaning behind the ban and will not complain that it is inconvenient. They will obey the ban more strictly. Thirdly, the government can ease the poor ventilation during hot weather by changing the ban to allow exemption of all vehicles from switching off the idle engine when the temperature is over 30 degrees. Also, the government can increase the fine so that drivers would not violate the ban easily and it would be easier to implement the ban. How to cite Idling Engine Ban, Papers

Leaders in the United States free essay sample

A examination of what makes a leader while using these characteristics to compare the current leaders in the United States. This paper details the rulers of America today. The writer explores what makes a leader and then uses examples of current American leaders to illustrate those traits. The paper takes the reader on a tour of leadership roles by todays societal standards. Leaders examined are Jesse Jackson, Bill Gates, George Bush and others. The United States is considered by many to be a leader in the world. Other nations turn to the states for guidance and assistance. Being the leader is a burden that America has born nicely and lived up to the challenge. America is considered the strongest powerful nation in the world so it is easy to understand why it is a leader. The leader of America are also strong and powerful people. To be able to lead the most powerful nation in the world the leaders of the nation have to share some common traits. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders in the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Medical Insurance Essays - Types Of Insurance,

Medical Insurance MEDICAL INSURANCE IS NON-BENIFICIAL The initial idea of medical insurance should have been a good idea as a way of helping Americans afford medical bills in a case of emergency or just routine physicals and check-ups. A lot of lower class Americans could not afford the treatment and would therefore go without medical attention in both of these cases. In cases of emergency, they would usually be put in to collection because they could not pay the bills after the treatment. The government decided to set a plan to have humans insured, just like automobiles, to supposedly make medical treatment available to all people - high, middle, or low class. This should have been a good idea...however, I believe that it has only made things less affordable. By making this plan for insurance on human health, the insurance agencies are making trillions upon trillions of dollars on people who would usually skip going to the doctor for a common cold. Initially, the insurance policies were made to help in emergency situations for people who had a broken a leg, or had to have major surgery and could not afford the price of high-technology treatment. The insurance would have made the customer pay about fifty dollars a month out of they're hard-earned money whether they were going to use it or not, for medical treatment. Still, the insurance did not cover all of the expenses even though the customer is shelling out thousands of dollars, sometimes for nothing. It is just another way for a large insurance business to make people believe that they need to insure their own health, like they were a possession or an item. Now people are paying for insurance that they seldom use, but feel better because the business has made them believe that they cannot and will not live without medical insurance. Another bad result of medical insurance is that it has turned the entire field of medicine in to a financial playground of human life. Doctors are supposed to treat all patients equally, as opposed to treating only those with insurance first, no matter what the circumstance. People who cannot afford health insurance or are not offered the option by their jobs are usually facing the problems of the prices that are now raised as a result of the entire insurance idea. Not only is health insurance making the doctors care less about their patients, it is also raising the prices higher on already outrageous medical bills. In conclusion, I believe that the medical insurance idea is argumentive, because there are a lot of repercussions that people may or may not have thought about. The insurance companies are benifiting immensely, but are we? The prices of medical treatments are rising, the doctor's attention to actual patients as opposed to who has insurance is diminishing, and less people are benefiting from health insurance. I do not think that medical insurance should have been proposed in the first place. I do admit that it should have been a benifit to Americans, but I have yet to see everyone benifit as innitialy planned.

Free Essays on Lutherans

Introduction My choice of a local religion to do a case study about was the Lutheran Church. For my interview, Pastor Steve Nuske at St Andrew’s Church in the City recommended that I interview a strong Lutheran believer Mr Sanchez. Mr Sanchez has been a Lutheran for over 40 years and is a dedicated and weekly going member of the church. He answered my questions with great knowledge of the Lutheran religion. I also attended a Sunday church service at Mt Gravatt that I observed carefully. In a brief description of the Lutheran background, I discovered that a Lutheran is a follower of Jesus Christ and are considered a Christian Church, the same as Roman Catholics. Lutherans were deeply influenced by a man named Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) who was the founder of the church. Something that all Christians believe in is the bible. It is the centre of the belief for Roman Catholics but to the Lutherans it’s just some teaching keeping their main focus is on God and his son, Jesus Christ. This would be due to Martin Luther’s learning experience using the bible as a tool to learn about a God of love, forgiveness and grace. I see that a religion with a mans teachings, is giving what he learnt and believes to his followers and themselves are not learning for their own knowledge, they are just using Martin Luther’s teachings. This differs from the Roman Catholics as they believe what they learn themselves which is strait from the bible not one mans teachings. Lutherans Idea of Jesus doesn’t have any differences to the Roman Catholics. We all believe that he was born of a virgin, didn’t live a life of sin and rose from the dead, which is remembered by the special occasion time of the year Easter. One of the main purposes people come across religion is to see how they were created and where they are going after death. Lutherans are no more special then any other religion and cannot see past death, but they like... Free Essays on Lutherans Free Essays on Lutherans Introduction My choice of a local religion to do a case study about was the Lutheran Church. For my interview, Pastor Steve Nuske at St Andrew’s Church in the City recommended that I interview a strong Lutheran believer Mr Sanchez. Mr Sanchez has been a Lutheran for over 40 years and is a dedicated and weekly going member of the church. He answered my questions with great knowledge of the Lutheran religion. I also attended a Sunday church service at Mt Gravatt that I observed carefully. In a brief description of the Lutheran background, I discovered that a Lutheran is a follower of Jesus Christ and are considered a Christian Church, the same as Roman Catholics. Lutherans were deeply influenced by a man named Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) who was the founder of the church. Something that all Christians believe in is the bible. It is the centre of the belief for Roman Catholics but to the Lutherans it’s just some teaching keeping their main focus is on God and his son, Jesus Christ. This would be due to Martin Luther’s learning experience using the bible as a tool to learn about a God of love, forgiveness and grace. I see that a religion with a mans teachings, is giving what he learnt and believes to his followers and themselves are not learning for their own knowledge, they are just using Martin Luther’s teachings. This differs from the Roman Catholics as they believe what they learn themselves which is strait from the bible not one mans teachings. Lutherans Idea of Jesus doesn’t have any differences to the Roman Catholics. We all believe that he was born of a virgin, didn’t live a life of sin and rose from the dead, which is remembered by the special occasion time of the year Easter. One of the main purposes people come across religion is to see how they were created and where they are going after death. Lutherans are no more special then any other religion and cannot see past death, but they like...

University of Southern California Summer Programs for High Schoolers

Many high schoolers (and parents!) think that a part-time job is the best way for teenagers to spend their summers. However, summer programs designed specifically for high school students can provide benefits that they can’t get from a traditional part-time job. Summer programs are a great way for high school students to develop their interests and learn more about college and potential career paths. Plus, participating in a summer program can make a student’s application stronger by senior year. Many of these programs are short, usually one or two weeks, and can be done alongside part-time jobs or volunteer opportunities, so teenagers don’t have to choose one over the other. The University of Southern California knows how valuable summer programs can be for high school students, and that’s why we’ve dedicated an entire post to the programs available at USC. You’ll find that many of these programs offer college credit in addition to the benefits we’ll outline below. We’re giving parents a quick look at the USC summer programs to help you figure out which program will work best given your student’s goals and interests. Summer programs for high school students are about more than having fun (although there’s plenty of that too!). One of the main benefits of summer program is that they allow high school students to specialize in an area of interest without the distraction of other schoolwork or constraints. They provide an inside look into an industry that most students wouldn’t be able to get in a traditional class setting, and expand students’ awareness of opportunities in that field. Many summer programs are at colleges and universities, which provide an additional bonus of helping students get a feel for campus life. Not only that, these programs often provide high school students with hard-to-find resources which can be invaluable to them as they prepare to apply to college, such as specialized learning communities or even scholarships. Again, there’s no need to choose between working over the summer and doing a summer program. Colleges like USC offer programs at a variety of lengths, so that you can choose the program that allows your student to balance work and family obligations while pursuing their interests. College admissions officers care about students’ extracurricular activities and often consider them not only for admissions but for awarding merit scholarships. They want to see that students pursued their interests outside of the classroom and took advantage of any resources available to them. Summer programs are more interesting to admissions counselors than other types of extracurriculars because fewer students participate in them, and the experiences can be valuable material for an admission essay. This is especially true when the summer program is held at a top school like USC. Perhaps the greatest advantage of attending a summer program at a college is the chance to connect with current students and faculty. One of our top recommendations for helping students get into their dream school is to connect with students who were successfully admitted to that school, and summer programs make that a much easier process for high school students. By attending a program at USC, high school students get to know current USC students and can get the inside scoop about what it’s really like to get in and attend. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. USC has two different options for summer programs: a 4-week credit program and a 2-week non-credit program. The more common one is the 4-week credit program, where students will earn an elective college credit. However, for students who need more flexibility, USC offers 2-week non-credit programs in some of their popular subjects. All of these programs, credit or non-credit, can strengthen your student’s application and help them refine their career interests. We encourage you to choose the one that best suits your student’s goals. These program costs are all approximate. There may be differences in cost based on whether a student stays on-campus or decides to commute, is a California resident or not, or if there are scholarships available. Students explore a career in architecture during this 4-week program. Students will take field trips to renowned architectural sites, learn the fundamentals of architecture, and get insight into what a compelling architecture portfolio entails. Learn more about the Exploration of Architecture Program . Students delve into entrepreneurship during this 4-week program. Students will have the chance to hear from entrepreneurs, take field trips to meet with ventures and startup firms, and apply their skills to develop their own business. Learn more about the Exploring Entrepreneurship Program . Students learn marketing, operations, and finance during this 4-week program. Students will get an overview of all the major departments in a business, including marketing, finance, ethics, and management. Learn more about the Introduction to Business Program . Students explore prototyping technologies during this 4-week program. Students will learn the fundamentals of 3D design and apply their skills to create their own 3D prototypes. Learn more about the 3D Design and Prototyping Program . Students design, build, and test during hands-on activities in this 4-week program. Students will explore the different engineering disciplines through classroom activities and group projects. Learn more about the Discover Engineering Program . Create your own video game through hands-on activities in this 4-week program. Students will create original games, playtest games in production, and learn about the technology used to design video games. Learn more about the Introduction to Video Game Design Program . Students develop electronic and digital prototypes during hands-on activities in this 4-week program. This unique experience blends engineering and entrepreneurship to help students invent a valuable product. Learn more about the Technology Innovation Experience Program . Students discover approaches to preventing disease in diverse communities worldwide in this 4-week program. This program is perfect for students interested in medicine, public health, anthropology, international relations, international business, law and social justice. Learn more about the Global Health Trends and Challenges Program . Students explore approaches to conflict resolution in this 4-week program. This program is perfect for students interested in diplomacy or understanding why conflicts emerge in the first place. Learn more about the International Relations Program . Students write stories about real people and issues in Los Angeles in this 4-week program. They will get to explore online reporting, blogging, and multimedia technology. Learn more about the News Reporting in the Digital Age Program . Students explore multi-platform sports journalism in this 4-week program. This program combines hands-on learning assignments with field trips and state-of-the-art in-studio production. Learn more about the Sports Journalism: Multi-Platform Storytelling Program . Students explore normal brain development in this 4-week program. They’ll participate in labs to learn about how we think and express ourselves and develop a final course project. Learn more about The Brain: Introduction to Neuroscience Program . Students get to shadow physicians in this 4-week program. Perfect for the student who wants to become a doctor, students will hear from a variety of medical professionals and even learn the basics of suturing. Learn more about the Future Physicians Program . Students explore the field of mental health in this 4-week program. They’ll review case studies, take a field trip to the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine, and develop a final project with their peers. Learn more about the My Mind & Me: Introduction to Mental Health Program . Students delve into the fascinating world of psychology in this 4-week program. They’ll learn about meditation, take personality tests, and go on field trips to various shelters and labs. Learn more about the Psychological Science and Society Program . Students critically examine the criminal justice system in this 4-week program. They will meet with lawyers and activists, attend criminal court proceedings, and explore different career opportunities in criminal justice. Learn more about the    Exploring Criminal Justice Program . Students participate in legal analysis and writing in this 4-week program. They’ll get an inside look into the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and learn how to prepare for law school. Learn more about the Legal Reasoning and Argumentation Program . Students build a strong foundation in acting during this 4-week program. They will learn in a conservatory-style environment from theatre professionals, attend professional theatre productions, and rehearse and perform workshop productions. Learn more about the Acting Intensive Program . Students work with comedy professionals in this 4-week program. They will participate in a conservatory-style environment with a strong emphasis on improv, sketch, standup, and industry-focused master classes. Learn more about the Comedy Performance Program . Students will enhance their ability to bring a story to life in this 4-week program. They’ll participate in acting, singing, and dance classes and take field trips to see professional theatre in Los Angeles. Learn more about the Musical Theatre Program . Students will experience the collaborative environment of a writing workshop. They will learn about the variety of creative writing formats, including poetry, short stories, and nonfiction, and even work on developing a compelling admissions essay. Learn more about the Creative Writing Workshop Program . Students explore pressing moral questions in this 4-week program. They will learn university-level argumentation and critical thinking, participate in respectful debates, and hear from leaders in business and technology. Learn more about the Ethics in the 21st Century: Business, Politics, & Technology Program . Students explore a career in architecture in this 2-week program. Students will learn the fundamentals of architecture and get insight into what a compelling architecture portfolio includes concurrently with the 4-week credit program. Learn more about the Exploration of Architecture 2-Week Program . Students receive an introduction to kinesiology and movement science in this 2-week program. They learn about career options in kinesiology, hear from experts in the field and participate in labs to deepen their understanding. Learn more about the Kinesiology 2-Week Program . As you can see, there are plenty of opportunities for students to learn more about different industries and experience college firsthand. If your student missed a deadline, you can always plan for next summer. In the meantime, there are plenty of other activities that students can participate in over the summer to stay engaged, including getting involved in community organizations, volunteer service, and working. You can find more ideas for giving your student a productive summer in our post Summer Activities to Strengthen your College Applications . It can be hard to find summer programs that will interest your student and work for both your schedules. That’s why ’s Mentorship Program helps students identify activities to refine their interests and strengthen their portfolios. Find out if our Mentorship Program is right for you!

Should SDSu student use ADHD drug to help them study Essay

Should SDSu student use ADHD drug to help them study - Essay Example On the other hand, there are students who abuse these drugs by taking them even though they do not have the condition. This is very common among students who have high expectations to excel. Despite the significant risks associated with ADHD drugs, some students take them without proper medical advice in order to cope with high expectations and academic standards. Even for students with ADHD, the drugs only improve concentration and attention but do not help when it comes to studying. Preliminary investigations show that the primary motive as to why students take ADHD drugs is for study help. Since ADHD drugs are one of the most abused drugs among students, the current paper examines whether SDSu students should use these drugs. Using ethical and logical (health concerns) arguments, we argue that only students with special needs, having been examined by relevant specialists, should be allowed to take ADHD drugs. Application of Appeal of Logic Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was originally believed to be a pediatric condition. Children who suffer from ADHD continue experiencing the symptoms even in adulthood. Adderall is the most common prescribed drug for students with ADHD, with Ritalin and Dexedrine. . ADHD stimulant is a legal drug as compared to other illegal drugs sold on the street. When one buys these drugs, it is evident that dirty druggies like those who prepare cocaine do not prepare the drug. Therefore, SDSu students with special needs should use ADHD drugs because most people trust the drug’s medical founding. It is quite evident that medical experts would not deceive the public about the ADHD stimulant quality. ADHD drugs are perceived to be stimulants because they expand dopamine in the brain. There has been an increase in the consumption of ADHD stimulants in the United States of America that is, individuals’ expenditure on these drugs rose from 83% to 90% from the year 1993 to 2003. The increase in consumption of th ese drugs does not only apply in United States but also the rest of the world. Usually, students use these drugs to curb exam pressures since sleepiness and fatigue makes it hard for students to study. However, students use these drugs not necessarily to score high but to concentrate during study. In addition, using the ADHD stimulants is not legal because Adderall is a controllable stimulant just like cocaine (Oremus, 2013). Application of Appeal of Emotion Research indicates that some students take ADHD stimulants for the right reason. Students use these stimulants to encourage positive outcomes: good and high grades. For instance, Oremus (2013) explains that these drugs allow one to hold attention for long hours when performing a task. The stimulants also increase individuals’ ability to remember, multitask, and to be faster in handling activities. Crusius and Channell (2010) claims that taking ADHD drug helps students think better and perform successfully and professional ly in schoolwork. However, ADHD drug is for individuals who want success in their work towards achieving their goals. According to Oremus, (2013), Cambridge undergraduate students who employ ADHD drugs in their studies and their consumption has resulted to enhancements such as recollecting of information within a short duration and planning capabilities. If a student wants to experience a

Assessment, Measurement, and Research Assignment

Assessment, Measurement, and Research - Assignment Example   The culture fair test is relatively valid considering that it only reduces cultural bias and as stipulated in its construction, it admits impossibility to eliminate cultural bias. It only seeks to reduce biases during the performance of intelligence tests. The first time of use of the culture fair test was after the World War II and involved screening American soldiers of average intelligence and non-native English speakers. Since its first use, the test has gained widespread application in schools and other institutions and applied in screening non-native English speakers (Messick, 1999). The culture fair test instrument is relatively reliable considering the various steps used in its construction and initial implementation. To begin with, there should be no timing of the test and if possible, directions can be oral or in pantomime. Secondly, the instrument has been the use of a draw a person tests that measure body concepts and differentiation to define culture fair indices of intellectual ability (Ungar, 2011). Thirdly, the structure of test allows room for use of nonverbal responses for children whose languages are different from the ones presented in the standardized test. During the consultation, the counselor noted that there is no educational threshold to guide or prove the applicability of the cultural fair test in counseling. However, the counselor reiterated that practitioners need to have at least a certificate or any higher training in counseling psychology. The method that led to the selection of the culture fair test involved listing and sampling of the tests with reference to the critical cultural issues eminent in the field of psychology.  

Geology Report Essay Example for Free

Geology Report Essay In article 64, Beach Placers Containing Radioactive Minerals, Bay of Bengal, East Pakistan the geologists have thoroughly researched the rocks and minerals of beach placers that extend 100 miles southeastward along the Bay of Bengal near East Pakistan. During the 1961 study the geologists discovered that the placers contain heavy radioactive minerals including monazite, ilmenite, and zircon. In the sands along the beaches, the geologists, found 10 to 30 percent of heavy minerals that exceed 2. 8 specific gravity. Of the ten randomly dispersed placers studied along the oast, geologist found they all contained small concentrations of these heavy radioactive minerals. The minerals studied in the placers were in layers between 1 and 2. 5 feet thick and located near the beach surface along with others buried in sand dunes. They believe the placers were formed with or by a combination of waves, wind, and the natural down flow of creeks/rivers. Due to the difference of each separately located placer, geologists noticed grain sizes and the sorting of the minerals differ from placer to placer. They discovered the lenses with the majority of eavy minerals is finer grained, better sorted, and better rounded and contains magnetite. In the pacer at the northernmost tip, they found it differs from the others. It had black sand as opposed to white and it laid on top of a mud platform. Also, according to the survey, geologists found this placer to be less radioactive than the rest of placers researched. All of the placers are oblong in shape and are very large. Each placer is tens of hundreds of feet wide and can stretch out to be several miles long. The geologists surveyed the placers using an airborne radiometric survey. After ll of the research the geologists and scientists found that all of the placers contain radioactive minerals as well as non-radioactive minerals. Reasoning and Application I specifically chose this article because I find radioactive minerals, and anything geological related to the ocean, interesting. I grew up surfing in a small beach town near Santa Barbara so any type of geology related to the oceans and beaches interest me. Also, one of the more interesting topics learned in my geology class were the different types of minerals and how their individual physical structure can be altered due to earths natural forces. After studying geology this semester I was able to fully understand how these placers were formed along with why these heavy minerals formed in layers and were denser than the sand and other rocks. It helped me understand why and how geologists surveyed these radioactive minerals. Also, I completely understood how these minerals were sorted and the different physical structure of these well and poorly sorted minerals. I can honestly say that before taking this class I would have no idea what this article was about. Now I was fully able to grasp all of the information provided in the article. USGS Geology Report By gomer5

Vague Descriptions in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay examples

Vague Descriptions in Heart of Darkness       A dark, unfamiliar setting and a suspenseful plot give Heart of Darkness the characteristics of a good novel, but what really stands out is Conrad's writing. The story is full of vague imagery and descriptions that the reader must contemplate in order to fully understand. Writing so vividly was an impressive feat for Conrad, who was actually not a native English speaker. (Dintenfass) His style includes a great deal of subtlety and complexity. Although it may seem as if Conrad was trying to confuse the reader, his actual goal was to create a work of art, rather that just a novel. Several critics have put down Conrad's work because his writing is so vague; they claim that it lacks order and clarity. Conrad occasionally wrote back to these critics and explained why he chose to construct his stories in such a vague manner. Says Professor Mark Dintenfass, commenting on Conrad's own opinion about his writing: "For Conrad then, as for most modern artists, the world as we experience it is not the sort of place that can be reduced to a se...

How Subway Restaurant Can Avoid Marketing Myopia Essay

â€Å"In 1965 seventeen year old Fred Deluca borrowed $1,000 from a friend Pete Buck and suggested an idea of starting Pete’s Super Submarines in Bridgeport, Connecticut. This franchise was started to help get through college to study medicine, and in the following year they formed Doctor’s Associates Inc. to oversee operations of the restaurants as that franchise expanded. The first Subway franchised unit opened in Wallingford, Connecticut.† (Subway.com/Subwayroot/) Fred Deluca and Pete Buck advertised on the radio the name Pete’s Subway to they eventually decided upon the name to Subway in 1968 as we know it today. The first mistake they made was putting the restaurant in a poor location. Their first year of business was a learning experience and a challenge. A year later they opened their second store after realizing that visibility and marketing were some of the key factors to success. Needless to say Subway restaurants have come to be very successful franchises. In 2012, Subway honored CHEMCO with the Social Responsibility Award. CHEMO provides hand soap and a variety of other cleaning and sanitation supplies. â€Å"The SUBWAY Social Responsibility Award recognizes a supplier that has done the most to create sustainable practices while reducing costs and improving quality in the SUBWAY ® system,† (Subway.com/Subwayroot/) Marketing Myopia is managements’ failure to recognize its view of business. (Boone&Kurtz, 2013) Subway’s mission statement is â€Å"Be the #1 Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) franchise in the world, while delivering fresh, delicious sandwiches and an exceptional experience.† Some strategies to avoid marketing Myopia are: Dispose of their soda fountain machine, since sodas are linked to childhood obesity. Subway could also hire employees whose English is more prominent. Incorporate a drive- thru. â€Å"Subway declares that one of their salads provides five servings of vegetables. While this is technically true, the vast majority of the servings are iceberg lettuce. Unfortunately, this is one of the least nutritious vegetables available. Salads have four grams of fiber.† (About.com, 2013). If Subways mission is to be the #1 quick service restaurant (QSR) franchise, then no one should have to wait on food to be heated in the microwave. Subway promotes itself as a â€Å"healthy alternative to greasy fast food,† and this marketing approach has proven very successful. Studies headed up by Brian Wansink, director of the Food and Brand Lab at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, concluded that â€Å"Subway has acquired a so-called â€Å"health halo† — people give themselves â€Å"credit† for eating at Subway and indulge in extra treats when they do so. People also underestimate the calories consumed after eating at Subway, as compared to a hamburger fast food franchise, such as McDonalds†. (About.com, 2013) In the next ten years maybe Subway can deliver just as Pizza Hut and Dominoes. Continue to go Global. Develop a method where they can have free Wi-Fi days. Set up a KIOSK in store where customers can punch in their own orders. Develop a way the food can stay hot without the use of a microwave, perhaps solar energy (About.com, 2013)

Being a Change Agent

This paper will outline the concept of change agent. It will give us a brief description of what a change agent is. It will discuss the concept in detail further. In the first few pages, we discuss what basically a change agent is and what are the theories and concepts behind it. Later on, we discuss change agents with reference to the procurement process. The role that change agents play in the business environment has become very important in the past few years. Companies adopt and adapt to change often and to help them initiate the process and implement it completely we have change agents.Introduction A change agent is someone who can change an individual’s or organization’s ability and enable them to achieve higher levels of outcome and help them move up the needs hierarchy. (Stevenson, 2008) A change agent is, â€Å"a person who leads a change project or business-wide initiative by defining, researching, planning, building business support and carefully selecting volunteers to be part of a change team. Change Agents must have the conviction to state the facts based on data, even if the consequences are associated with unpleasantness. † (Six Sigma Dictionary, 2003)A change agent has to see the future and over look the present because if he starts to think of the present then he will not be able to bring about the changes that he wants. The vision leads the agent to act a certain way and perform certain activities and functions. Bringing about a change is not simple; it requires a lot of hard work. Hard work is not the only thing that can initiate and implement the change, the agent needs to be passionate about the change and believe in the vision. His passion will ultimately lead the others around him to be passionate and the change to be successful. (Stevenson, 2008)As we all know that motivation is one of the key factors for anything to be successful. Nobody else can motivate the change agent, he needs to motivate himself. He needs to be strong individual who can overlook the comments of others and be misunderstood and not appreciated and still do his job. Most important of all these things is that the change agent needs to be able to understand people and their needs. Without the people it is impossible for the change to be successful, the change agent should not forget them in the process of bringing about a change, because otherwise the change will be useless. (Stevenson, 2008)In today’s world change agents are a common phenomenon, businesses frequently have to redesign business operations to stay up-to-date and enhance their position in the business world by having a comparative advantage, the latest technology and business process. To enable this to happen in their company, the management hires change agents. The change agent analyzes the company and its operations and then develops a vision as to where he wants to see the company. Then he sees what the basic requirements for the change are, training for the employees, re-layering for the organization, new system, investment and many other things. (Hugos, 2008)Once all this has been established, the change process starts, the time period can vary according to the type of change and the extent to which the change is taking place within the organization. During this time period, the change agent interacts with all the people and helps them adapt to the new system and overcome any problems that they might be facing. Once the system has been implemented, the change agent also judges the successful rate of the change. If there has been a productivity increase and a generally better environment than the change has been successful otherwise another theory or method may have to be used for the change.(Hugos, 2008) People resist change, they do not like it when outsiders come and change something in their territory. They feel uncomfortable as the environment changes because they had become used to the previous environment and even thoug h it had some shortcomings, it was their haven. That is why change agents are treated badly and are not liked by the employees of the organization because they think he will change their territory which will change the way things are done and maybe the layout of the office. The change agent will enter their comfort zone and distort it. (Hugos, 2008)The first thing that the change agent needs to do is to get to know the people around him and especially those that are involved in the change process. The agent needs to talk to them and see what they want. He needs to make sure that these employees are comfortable around him and understand the change process and are willing to support him. The best way to get to know the employees and get them to talk to you is to get down working with them. The second thing that the change agent needs to do is take the information he finds during this time very seriously. Things he will learn here are the basic reasons for the change.This information w ill help in developing the vision later. The third and last thing that will happen and will be consequence of the first two steps will be that the employees will start to trust the agent and will open up to him. (Hugos, 2008) Up till now we have talked about how change agents need to maintain a relationship with the target group. We will now discuss who the target groups are. The target groups are the people on which the change will be implemented. In these include, the employees whose attitude, feelings, beliefs, values, and perceptions might need to be changed.Then there are groups or organizations, whose size, composition, structure of authority, hierarchies, communication styles and channels, and many other things may need to be changed. Another category is the community, in which change might be needed within the inter-group relations that exist on the basis of ethnicity, race, gender, class, religion etc. and finally there is the society as a whole. Change in the society will be on a very large scale, such as globalization, urbanization, modernization, a change in policies and international relations, the environment, agriculture, education and much more. (Hugos, 2008)The categories of change agents are the directors of a company, administrators, political parties or supporters, the financial backers, volunteers, employees, technical and professional people such as lawyers, sociologists, scientists etc. the types of change strategy that the change agent will adopt will depend on the situation and the type of change that is required, in some ways it will also depend on the relationship between the agent and the target of change. (Hugos, 2008) Change Strategies Then type of change that is needed and the way the change will be implemented is known as the change strategy.There are four strategies that a change agent can follow: empirical-rational strategies, normative/re-educative strategies, power/coercive strategies, and environmental-adaptive strategy. (U NCW, 2008) The empirical-rational strategy is used when the relationship between the target and the agent is unequal on some levels but on the other levels the inequality does not exist. This strategy is used so that the inequality can be reversed. The strategy is most effective when the targets of change are individuals and not groups and organizations.The aim of this strategy is to provide the targets with the information; it assumes that the targets are rational beings that can use this information to gain knowledge and make the best decision possible from the information that is available to them. (UNCW, 2008) The normative/re-educative strategy is used when the agent wants to convince the target. It is not a battle or a debate where the agent wants to defeat the target but the agent wants the target to understand his point of view and finally agree with him. In this strategy the target is brought face to face with the changed ideas and views.They are persuaded to adopt these ne w values and internalize them so that they become part of the group and are something that the group does unconsciously. To make people believe and accept these values, the emotional and the rational appeal are used. They can either be convinced with scientific facts and figured or can be convinced emotionally. The targets of such a strategy are organizations, groups and the communities. (UNCW, 2008) The third strategy is the power/coercive strategy. This strategy will only work when the target is dependent on the agent such as in the case of children.In this strategy there is the use of power, money and authority. The targets may be bribed to follow the change or otherwise face the consequences. The authority in this case may or may not be legitimate. The agents in this case want to be ahead of the target and want to defeat them. It can also be that the agents may be oppressed by the target and will eventually revolt against the target, there have been such cases in history but the y have been on a very large scale, for example; the French Revolution. (UNCW, 2008) The fourth strategy of change is the environmental-adaptive strategy.In this strategy the people are not immediately transferred into the new environment, it is a gradual process. The new organization is created and the employees are made to go through a transition phase. In this the targets will be upset with the change but will quickly adapt to the new environment. (Nickols, 2006) The Change Process The way the change is brought about or the processes that the change is brought about in are known as the change process and there are a few methods for doing this. Each will be discussed individually in the following paragraphs. The basic process of change is the unfreezing, changing and refreezing process.The things that need to be changed will be unlearnt by the employees; they will then learn the new way of doing things or can come up with their own way of doing the job. The best method will then be learned by all the employees. The method will then be refrozen, by learning it. Another process of change is by solving a problem and finding a problem. The thing that needs to be changed is referred to as the problem. The change agent needs to move the target from the state of problem to the solved state. This has to be done in an orderly and disciplined fashion. When this is achieved the problem is solved.This is basically known as the planned change model. (Nickols, 2006) When the change agent is trying to solve the problem he is basically looking for the solution thus, the problem solving part comes when a course of action is looked for to solve the problem. The problem finding part is when the action or thing that needs changing is being found. In this the change agent is finding the thing that is causing the problem and that which will eventually need to be changed. Thus, the problem is first found and then solved in a systematic manner. Some questions need to be answered abo ut the problem.The first thing that needs to be understood is that how the problem has occurred so that such situations can be avoided in the future. (Nickols, 2006) Another thing that needs to be analyzed is that what has caused the problem, so that that can also be solved. The problem has occurred because of a reason and that reason needs to be found and analyzed. There must be something that is lacking in the current situation, and to solve the problem the change agent needs to know these things so that in the solved situation these things are not present. (Nickols, 2006) ConclusionA change agent does not require a specialized set of skills, there is no professional degree needed to be a change agent. There are only a few things that an individual needs to be aware of and know how to manipulate. He needs to be aware of the people around him, but this he needs to limit. If he becomes too aware it can hinder his job or if he completely not aware then he will not be able to implemen t the change successfully. A change agent needs to know what the situation is and after careful analysis he should be able to solve it in his mind before actually solving it in real life because otherwise it might just end up as a disaster.One thing we can conclude from the paper is that the process of forming a relationship with the target is of extreme importance and that without the support of the people involved the change agent cannot achieve his goal. The whole process of will be useless. References 1. Dennis Stevenson (2008). What is a Change Agent? Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://it. toolbox. com/blogs/original-thinking/what-is-a-change-agent-23764 2. Fred Nickols (2006). Change Management 101: A Primer, Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://home.att. net/~nickols/change. htm 3. Mike Hugos (2008). How to become a Change Agent, Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://www. cio. com/article/13091/How_to_Become_a_Change_Agent? page=3 4. Six Sigma Dictionary (2003). Change Agent , Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://www. isixsigma. com/dictionary/Change_Agent-393. htm 5. University of New Carolina Wilmington (2008). Social Change Strategies. Retrieved on August 24, 2008, http://people. uncw. edu/pricej/teaching/socialchange/Social%20Change%20Strategies. htm

9 Forms of the Past Tense

9 Forms of the Past Tense 9 Forms of the Past Tense 9 Forms of the Past Tense By Mark Nichol Multiple variations of past tense that employ regular verbs occur in English. Explanations of the distinctions follow. Note that each section includes examples of positive-declarative, negative-declarative, and interrogative forms. 1. Simple Past A sentence in the simple-past form describes an event that occurred in the past: â€Å"They agreed with us.† â€Å"They did not agree with us.† â€Å"Did they agree with us?† Notice that in the first sentence, the verb form of agree is in past tense, but in the other examples, did does the heavy lifting of indicating the tense, so agree remains in present tense. In almost all other variations of past tense, the form of the verb â€Å"to be† and the participle retain the same form regardless of the type of sentence. 2. Past Progressive (or Past Continuous) Past-progressive statements and questions describe something that began in the past and continued to occur for a time before stopping: â€Å"They were agreeing with us.† â€Å"They were not agreeing with us.† â€Å"Were they agreeing with us?† 3. Past Perfect This tense form applies to events that began at a time preceding a period in the past: â€Å"They had agreed with us.† â€Å"They had not agreed with us.† â€Å"Had they agreed with us?† 4. Past Perfect Progressive (or Past Perfect Continuous) Sentences with this tense form describe something that occurred in the past and continued to occur after the fact but in the present is no longer occurring: â€Å"They had been agreeing with us.† â€Å"They had not been agreeing with us.† â€Å"Had they been agreeing with us?† 5. Past Habitual A sentence written in past-habitual tense describes an occurrence that once occurred continuously or repeatedly: â€Å"They used to agree with us.† â€Å"They used to not agree with us.† (This formal usage is awkward and seldom used; we are more likely to write, â€Å"They used to disagree with us.† An informal version of the sentence, more likely to be used if no direct antonym like disagree is available for a given sentence, is â€Å"They didn’t use to agree with us.†) â€Å"Used they to agree with us?† (This formal usage is rare. The informal form, much more common, is, â€Å"Did they use to agree with us?†) 6. Time-Specific Past Habitual A variation of the past-habitual tense includes a specific time frame: â€Å"Before, they would agree with us.† â€Å"Before, they would not agree with us.† â€Å"Before, would they agree with us?† 7. Past Intensive A sentence in the past-intensive form describes something confirmed as having occurred: â€Å"They did agree with us.† â€Å"They did not agree with us.† â€Å"Did they agree with us?† 8. Future in the Past A future-in-the-past construction describes something that was supposed to have occurred after a time in the past: â€Å"They were going to agree with us.† â€Å"They were not going to agree with us.† â€Å"Were they going to agree with us?† Past Subjunctive This form is not numbered, because it is not, despite its name, a type of past tense, but it is identified here to make that point. A sentence formed in the past subjunctive describes a counterfactual event: â€Å"If they were going to agree with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"If they were not going to agree with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"If they were they going to agree with us, would they have told us by now?† 9. Past-Perfect Subjunctive Sentences with this subjunctive form, by contrast, do have a past-tense sense: â€Å"Had they agreed with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"Had they not agreed with us, they would have told us by now.† â€Å"Had they agreed with us, would they have told us by now?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Email EtiquetteQuiet or Quite?

School Placement Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

School Placement Research - Essay Example Moreover, it is observed that some of the students are keen to speak and interact with teachers in English. This enables the students to learn the language more effectively. The teacher is also recognized to motivate the students, who show interest in learning the language. The motivated students demonstrate more interest to learn the language. Further, the other students of the classroom on observing the interest of some of the students and the motivation from their teacher also attempts to learn the language. These students also makes attempt to learn the language. This creates a learning environment in the class with regard to English language. Learning of English language is extremely important from the perspective of the development of the students. The students would be able to communicate with the people of other nations. The students would be able to communicate with people who are incapable in speaking in Chinese language. Moreover, learning the International language Englis h is of significant benefit to the students when they would undertake higher educational degrees at foreign universities. The learning of International language is one of the key factors that lead to the overall personal developments of the students. During the period of volunteering in a bilingual elementary school, it is observed that some of the students are unable to understand the instructions from the math teacher. The math teacher although speaks in the native languages to the students, but at the time of teaching, the teacher uses English language. The students are not the native speakers of English and are unaware of several words and phrases in English. The teacher at the time of teaching uses some of the words or phrases or others that the students are unable to understand. This creates a communication gap between the teacher and the students. This leads the students to be deprived of some of the teaching instructions. The students as a result of such are

Church-State Relations in Western Societies Essay

Church-State Relations in Western Societies - Essay Example Hence, such influence may impact on the development of Muslim communities and practices. Post 9/11, however, such influence has metamorphosed to interference even in religious and social organizations and institutions so much so that the Muslim communities in these states feel discriminated not only due to the differences in treatment as against the majority community but also as against treatment meted out to other minority groups such as the Sikhs and the Jews. Anti-terror legislations give law enforcement agencies sweeping powers to inspect individuals, organizations and institutions making members of the Muslim community feel insecure and marginalized. Coupled with other interference in cultural practices such as the wearing of hijab by Muslim school girls, the heat of the state's interferences in their exclusive domain has alienated the community to an extent where it has become difficult to gauge the feelings and intentions of a patriot from a paranoid (Jocelyne Cesari, p65). In a climate dominated by fears of international Islamic terrorism, an oscillation in French public policy between including the diversity of Muslims and favoring specific tendencies has shaped the state organization of Islam (Jocelyne Cesari, p73). Also, different countries in Europe have different opinion and attitudes on Islam. ... Also, different countries in Europe have different opinion and attitudes on Islam. Germany, Britain, and Spain recognize Islam. But some countries like France do not recognize Islam and do not have any Islamic institutions like school in their country. On the whole, the attitude is one of disapproval and discouragement where Islam is concerned. One study conducted by Cornell University in 2004 revealed that 44 percent of Americans surveyed were not opposed to the restriction of certain basic civil liberties in the case of Muslims (Jocelyne Cesari, ch3). Muslim communities, in particular, are currently subject to unprecedented levels of intervention and regulation by the British State. There has been deepening of the 'moral panic' about those allegedly 'in' but not 'of' the West. (Jocelyne Cesari, ch4). Muslim Bureaucratic and parochial leaders Muslim community leaders have invariably been lay leaders and not, strictly speaking, qualified or qualified religious leaders. Their authority is largely drawn from a cultural capital that overlaps with traditional leadership. They may or may not be literate and their nomination in the bureaucracy and religious hierarchy may depend on their popularity ((Jocelyne Cesari, p62). Mismatch in the leadership does not augur well for any community for developmental purpose. Also, unqualified parochial leadership often tends to generate more heat than light. In such environment, it is difficult to objectively work towards progressive goals. The governments in western nations ask for capable and coherent leadership. In western states, the church has played pivotal roles because of qualified religious leaders and capable corporate leaders. In the United

Computer Information System Case Analysis Study

Computer Information System Analysis - Case Study Example Information systems can be implemented by an organizations technology team or the organization can decide to outsource these services from a software vendor entity which subsequently charges for licensed use of the software. The information systems are intended to improve on the internal processes of the system, regardless of who actually owns the system. For instance, a banks transaction processing system is expected to operate optimally and automatically at any given time to support the core operations of the banking system. The functional features of any transaction processing system ought to provide support the everyday needs of an organization in terms of manage and execution of transactions processed by both the working staff and clients. The organization first weighs the benefits and limitations of using an information system before installing one. In the case given of the USA Cycling Group, the management recognized the essential need for an inventory system to successfully manage its growing client base. It is important to note the problem faced by an organization that leads to the need to acquire the services of an information system to propel business operations. Initially the organization has to identify the vital components that make up the traditional system of operation then use a tech savvy group to map out the system layout of the proposed information system. Additionally, the management procedures are clearly set with the authorized hardware, software and networking channels that are to be later used in governing the individuals who use the system. Furthermore, the conduction of a systems requirements analysis is important to help the software vendors or project development team in identifying the end users expectation of the end product. The security of a system, especially a transaction processing system has to be top notch to prevent the authorized access to confidential information by

Process Design Matrix Summary Essay Example for Free

Process Design Matrix Summary Essay This summary entails three process design approaches for a service providing organization (Chaparral Suits Hotel Resort) and for a small manufacturing organization (Something Sweet Bakery). Although process design varies for service and manufacturing organizations, â€Å"process design is a critical function in any operation† (Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video). The three process design approaches that I pulled from the matrix are; design focal point, scheduling, and quality. I will explain how the same three process design approaches apply to each of these organizations in diverse industries. Process Design Approaches in a Service Organization This portion of the summary will illustrate how the three selected process design approaches are implemented in a service providing organization like Chaparral Suits Hotel Resort. Design Focal Point The first process design approach is the design focal point. With regards to Chaparral Suits Hotel Resort the design focal point is devised to meet the customers needs. For example, about 60% of the Chaparral’s customers are seeking relaxation. The other 40% are seeking a convenient place to conduct business. Chaparral’s caters to both customer needs by choosing to have the hotel in a Resort location as well as near major freeways and large business organizations. Scheduling Scheduling in a service providing industry like Chaparral Suites Hotel   Resort is essential for optimal performance. For example, during the off-season there is a higher rate of vacant rooms creating a dilemma of having excess staff. To deal with this yearly occurrence management has scheduled most of the employees paid time off during the off-season. Also, Chaparral uses websites like Expedia and Travelocity to try to sell any rooms not spoken for during the offseason. Furthermore, cross training is provided so that employees and resources can be shifted to where the higher workload is. Quality In a service providing industry quality is at the top of the list. If the company provides poor quality service they will loose their customer base to the competition. Chaparral Suits Hotel Resorts manager Tracy Milward states that they look for, â€Å"people –people when ever they are trying to hire and train folks for this industry† (Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video). Also, staff is required comply with key performing indicators to track employees’ service quality primarily used for reception and customer service personnel. Process Design Approaches in a Manufacturing Organization This portion of the summary will illustrate how the three selected process design approaches are implemented in a manufacturing organization like Something Sweet Bakery. Design Focal Point The first process design approach is the design focal point. With regards to Something Sweet Bakery the design focal point is devised to meet the end users needs. For example, employees at Something Sweet Bakery will only bake pastry’s that are in demand at the moment. In essence, different pastry’s will be baked in different seasons. With regard to the location’s design focal point Something Sweet Bakery chose to set up shop in an upscale shopping center in Scottsdale, Arizona because of the high volume pedestrian traffic. The bakery was designed so that when the customers enter the bakery the aroma of fresh, delicious pastry’s overtakes them. This strategy will stimulate sales generating increased revenue. Scheduling The scheduling process at Something Sweet Bakery is not that complicated being that this is a small manufacturing company. Since 70% of their business is made to order there is a mandatory minimal number of staff members that need to be in the bakery. During holiday season there is a demand spike and product volume increases substantially. In order to effectively stay on pace with the production schedule a â€Å"batch process is used to offset variations in demand† (Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video). For example, a big batch of cookie doe will be made and froze, except for the portion that will be used that day. Another way the bakery schedules to meet demand is providing employees with overtime. Quality Quality is important in any industry, especially in a bakery. If customers don’t like the quality of your product they simply will go elsewhere. At Something Sweet Bakery quality is a more subjective process. Tina, the co-owner, and bakers personally taste everything before it is available to customers. This is how they check and maintain product quality. In Retrospect, although the two industries depicted in this summary perform two very different operations they are both striving to meet the same goals. In this case company size is not a significant factor when it comes to the application of process design approaches. In order to achieve and maintain success in Chaparral’s Suits Hotel Resort and Something Sweet Bakery it is imperative that they make wise decisions with regards to the three process design approaches stated in this summary. References University of Phoenix, Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Essay

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Essay This assignment aims to critically appraise an ethical conflict in relation to the care provided to a patient. It will explore how ethical decisions are reached and how they can directly influence patient care. To achieve this aim the author will examine a case study of a patient whose care he was involved with whilst in placement. We will look at how, after an episode of self-harm, the patient refused any medical treatment for the wound and how this posed an ethical dilemma for the nursing staff involved in their care. Using the application of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) (Great Britain (GB) 2005) and an established model for ethical decision making, we will look at how the decision of whether or not to enforce treatment for the wound was formulated and implemented. Ethics can be seen as the study of human conduct and morality (Buka 2008). It is about people reasoning, thinking and applying a process of reflection (Adshead 2010); however these people may have opposing views, values and experiences on which to base their moral judgements to define what is the right and wrong course of action (Hendrick 2009) and the principles used to decide this, not only by the individual but also within social groups and societies. (Adshead 2010). From this we can surmise that ethics is a complex system of reflective thinking, which is used in the search for a standard that can be used to judge your own actions, or the actions of others, within your own moral code. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) stipulates that nurses must respect a patients right to confidentiality at all times and ensure that the patient is informed about how information concerning them is shared. In accordance with this the name of the patient has been changed and permission has been sought from the patient to use them in the case study. Case Study. Anitas story. Anita is a young woman with a primary diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder borderline type as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2010). During a one-to-one therapeutic session Anita disclosed that she was having strong urges to self-harm. As such the therapeutic session concentrated on exploring her feelings surrounding her impulses, alternative coping mechanisms to manage her thoughts of self-harm and strategies to help maintain her safety upon the ward. As she felt that the pressure of being constantly watched would unsettle her further, thus not allowing her to manage her own feelings, it was initially agreed to place Anita on intermittent observation (as opposed to constant) within the scope of the policy on safe and supportive observations of the service that was caring for her (Oxford Health 2010). This approach was agreed in collaboration with Anita and the wider team as a way of her taking responsibility for her own decisions and actions. Later in the shift Anita approached staff and stated that she had overwhelming urges to self-harm and that she had acted upon them. She was taken to the clinic room where the wound could be cleaned and assessed. Anita presented with a laceration to the inside of her thigh which was deep enough to expose the adipose tissue beneath, however was not deemed by the medical staff to be life threatening. Staff explained to Anita that the wound was deep enough to require stitching although not life threatening and advised her that she would need to attend the minor injuries unit of the local general hospital for assessment of the wound. At this time Anita, due to her mental state, could not fully appreciate the nature of the wound and felt that she needed to punish herself further by refusing treatment. The nurses on duty cleaned and bandaged the wound and allowed Anita time to consider the implications of her decision further. When Anita had calmed the nurse had a discussion surrounding the implications of not having the wound sutured such as infection, Anitas possible need to attack the wound in the future and pain relief issues, However Anita maintained her decision not to have the wound sutured. Following a wider team discussion around whether Anita understood the severity of the wound, thus having capacity to make a decision to refuse treatment, the Responsible Clinician (RC) spoke to Anita and attempted to persuade her to have the wound sutured. As Anita was still refusing to have the wound sutured the RC decided that an assessment would need to be carried out to ascertain whether Anita had the capacity to decide to refuse treatment. Upon completion of the assessment it was decided that Anita did have capacity to make decisions surrounding treatment at that time, within the framework of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005). This decision was reached due to Anita being able to understand the information being given to her, being able to retain the information and weigh it up to make a decision to refuse treatment. Although this appeared to be an unwise decision, which felt uncomfortable to the team, it was agreed to monitor the wound, keep it clean and dry and continue to talk to Anita about her thoughts and feelings surrounding getting medical treatment for the wound. This collaborative approach allowed Anita opportunities to explore her emotions, thoughts and feelings and promote her autonomy whilst still allowing her to decide to have the wound sutured should she change her mind. The main legal and ethical dilemmas that can be extracted from this case study are whether the Anitas capacity to make decisions about her treatment should be overridden by use of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) and whether Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. The Legal Dilemma. Mental Capacity. What legal dilemma can be hypothesised as underpinning the decision making process of the mental health professionals in this case? Anita initially made her decision to refuse treatment shortly after self-harming. Self-harm has been strongly associated with borderline personality disorder (Motz 2008) where thoughts of self-loathing and self-punishment are common precipitators; the act of self harm can be seen as a symptom of internal turmoil, an expression of internal pain or as controlling factor to maintain a level of care (Grocutt 2009). This may indicate that Anita was under a great deal of distress at the time, which could have affected her capacity to make sound decisions; however her later decision of continuing to refuse treatment was based on her own morals and values towards her body that may have included these thoughts of self-loathing and the need to be punished. Although a person, under part four of the Mental Health Act (GB 2007) can be treated for mental disorder with out their consent, it is important to note that a physical problem can only be treated without consent should the person lacks capacity or treatment is deemed to be in their best interests under the auspice of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2007, MIND 2009). To help determine whether Anita has capacity, The Mental Capacity Act (2005) sets out a two stage functional approach. Firstly the practitioner needs to ascertain whether the person being assessed has some sort of disturbance of the mind and, if such a disturbance exists then it must affect their ability to make decisions when they need to (Department of Constitutional Affairs (DoCA) 2007:45). If this is not the case then the person cannot be seen as lacking capacity under the Act (GB 2005, DoCA 2007). In considering whether Anita needed to make the decision around treatment, we can see that, as the wound was not life threatening, it was decided to allow her time to settle and re-approach the question of treatment. The Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) is clear in expressing that capacity is time and decision specific. In deciding that the decision could be made at a later time not only complies with the Act but also promotes Anitas autonomy. As the wound could be safely managed in the s hort term upon the ward the decision to allow Anita time to weigh up the information was the correct one to make. Conflicting ethical principles and dilemmas Lakeman (2009) points out that an ethical dilemma occurs when there are a multitude of alternative courses of action to deal with a particular situation. Conflicting moral principles may create difficult ethical dilemmas for nurses by having to contravene one moral obligation to uphold another (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. However this may not feel entirely comfortable for the nurse. In mental health nursing, autonomy is sometimes overridden in the interests of promoting the principle of beneficence (Lakeman 2009). Which can make the nurses ethical dilemma difficult to manage due to balancing the two valid ethical principles of autonomy (respecting and supporting decisions making) and beneficence (relieving or minimising harm in the best interest of the patient) (Hendrick 2004, Beauchamp Childress 2009). To answer the question we need to examine how the dilemma sits within an ethical theory and the principles that apply. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) devised four basic moral principles which function as guidelines for professional ethical decision making. The principles of autonomy (freedom to act on your own belief), Nonmaleficence (obligation to avoid doing harm), Beneficence (providing benefits and help) and Justice (fair distribution of benefits, risk and cost) which are derived from a duty based theory of Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Principle 1 Autonomy. Respect for autonomy flows from the recognition that all persons have unconditional worth, each having the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is to treat that person merely as a means: that is, in accordance with others goals without regard to the persons own goals. Beauchamp Childress (2009: 103) after Kant Autonomy is the freedom and ability to act in a self determined manner (Butts Rich 2008: 42) and the right of a rational person to achieve personal decisions without any outside interference. Therefore the principle of respecting autonomy concerns the nurses acknowledgement of, and obligation in respecting, Anitas decision over her own life. It may be that Anita is already feeling a loss of autonomy or disempowerment by the very nature of being a patient upon a secure ward and being under the Mental Health Act (GB 2007) and the restriction of her basic autonomous decisions such as when to eat, sleep or who she resides with. Therefore it may need to be considered whether Anitas is refusal of treatment is something that she feels in control of, thus a way in which she feels empowered. Principle 2 Beneficence. Morality requires not only that we treat persons autonomously and refrain from harming them, but also that we contribute to their welfareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[is therefore]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. These beneficial actions fall under the heading of beneficence. Beauchamp and Childress (2009: 197) Beneficence can be seen as actions to benefit and promote the welfare of others (Butts Rich 2008). All actions that are performed by nurses can be regarded as having a moral dimension, most of which are for the benefit of the patient (Edwards 2009). The NMC Code of Professional Conduct is clear in stating that nurses have an obligation to both protect and promote the health and wellbeing of patients as their primary consideration (NMC 2008:2) and this is no different for mental health nurses working with patients who self-harm. This statement clearly incorporates the principle of beneficence and shows that the nurses in the case study are considering whether Anita should have medical treatment for the wound enforced upon her due to the principle of beneficence as described due to the worries of the wound becoming infected if not sutured. The dilemma. When nurses experience the ethical dilemma of having to enforce treatment irrespective of a patients right to autonomy, they can be seen as working in a paternalistic manner (Butts Rich 2008). In Anitas case, the nurses worry, that the consequences of the wound becoming infected, is driving their desire to treat the wound irrespective of Anitas wishes. However, although the actions on behalf of nurses is clearly driven by obligations towards beneficence, nurses need to weigh up the harms and benefits of enforcing treatment before acting in such a way as to produce the best outcome for Anita (Edwards 2009). A paternalistic approach is frequently used to infringe upon a persons right to autonomy. This infringement is supported by the principle of beneficence, which is the argument frequently used to impose treatment on patients whether they want it or not (Buka 2008: 29). Should the decision to treat Anita for her self harm regardless of her wishes have gone ahead, there may have been a risk of impacting on the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. This relationship is built upon trust as well as purposeful and effective communication (Buka 2008) and is considered to be the cornerstone of nursing care (Lakeman 2009, Pryjmachuk 2011).Therefore the nurses would need to consider future risk as part of the ethical decision making process. Enforcing treatment on Anita may produce barriers to the therapeutic relationship such as difficulties in trusting the nurse in the future, disengagement from therapeutic communication, opposition and rejection of future treatment, increased self harming behaviours due to the trauma and hostility towards others (Kettles et al 2007, Byrt 2010), all of which may stop Anita from telling the nursing team when she self-harms in future episodes of distress. This raises the principle of Nonmaleficence (doing no harm), in this instance to the therapeutic relationship, wellbeing and care of Anita. The decision to manage the wound on the ward and allow Anita time to calm and consider her options is, in the authors opinion, the correct course of action to take. As the wound was neither life threatening or of such a degree that it could not be safety managed upon the ward enabled the staff to consider the possibility of enabling Anita to make an autonomous choice. In considering Anitas wishes and agreeing a management plan to care for the wound incorporates both principles of Anitas autonomy and the nurses obligation towards beneficence. Beneficence could be interpreted to incorporate the patients autonomous choice as the best interests of the patient are intimately linked with their preferences [from which]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are derived our primary duties towards them (Beauchamp Childress 2009:207). If the nurses obligation to act beneficently is informed by the patients choices and preferences, then the respect for the patients autonomy will ultimately override any paternalistic actions on the part of the nurse (Beauchamp Childress 2009). This would not only encourage a supportive nurse-patient relationship but also provides care that is holistic, develops Anitas confidence in being able to negotiate her care and allows her to take greater personal responsibility, This in turn will promote empowerment and hope which will improve the potential for recovery and discourage overly oppressive practices. The practice of paternalism is now generally discouraged in health care (Butts Rich 2008) and is considered unjustifiable in cases where the patient has capacity to make a decision (Edwards 2009, Beauchamp Childress 2009). Conclusion. Every decision that a nurse makes concerning the care of a patient needs to be considered from an ethical base. Any decision made from this ethical viewpoint has a higher probability of producing the best outcome under any given circumstance. The conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence that have been presented within this case study would both be ethically and morally correct courses of action to take. From this we can surmise that a morally correct course of action may involve two opposing principles being applicable in any one situation. A large proportion of moral and ethical dilemmas that are faced by nurses stem from the conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence. However, the nurses ability to critically appraise risks and benefits will help them to make decisions that are beneficial to the patient involved. In encouraging autonomy for Anita involves taking risks on the part of the nurses which may go against their principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. However with collaborative working practices this case study has shown that solutions can be found in even the most complicated of nursing dilemmas. Word Count 2733.

Rights of Leadership: The Propaganda of Race and Class During the Aboli

Rights of Leadership: The Propaganda of Race and Class During the Abolitionist Movement Henry Highland Garnet and William Lloyd Garrison were two of the most instrumental leaders of the Abolitionist Movement. Their social backgrounds and experiences were responsible for contrasting the two leaders and influenced their approaches, beliefs and solutions to the abolishment of slavery. Their opinions and approaches were voiced in terms of the role of the political process, the role of moral persuasion and the role of violence as a means to an end. Though both Garnet and Garrison shared a common interest in the anti-slavery movement they differed greatly in their rhetoric and advocacy styles and techniques. Garrison, who was from a poor New England family was involved from an early age in the business of publishing as an apprentice to a printer, a job that laid the foundation for what would later be a career as editor of the Liberator, a paper that actively addressed controversial issues about the eradication of slavery. Although Garrison addressed issues concerning the eradication of slavery, he also focused on other causes such as temperance and women's voting rights. Due to his involvement in advocating for many other reforms, his critics accused him of being unfocused on the issue of abolition. Oppositely, Garnet focused solely on the elevation of the Black community which included a more extreme and active means to end slavery. Garnet, who escaped slavery with his family to the North, was still subject to racial violence. One incident that exemplified the racial aggression was when his house had been looted and his sister had been arrested as a "fugitive from labor." This event in the early part of his life was an introdu... ...Korngold, Ralph. Two Friends of Man: The Story of William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips and Their Relationship with Abraham Lincoln. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1950. Nye, Russel B. William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1955. Pillsbury, Parker. Acts of the Anti-Slavery Apostles. Concord, 1883. Rogers, William B. "We are All Together Now" : Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and the Prophetic Tradition. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. Ruchames, Louis, comp. The Abolitionists: A Collection of Their Writings. New York: Capricorn Books, 1963. Schor, Joel. Henry Highland Garnet: A Voice of Black Radicalism in the Nineteenth Century. London: Greenwood Press, 1977. Walters, Ronald G. The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism After 1830. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

Cross Cultural Group Presentation Essay

What is important about Germany? Germany is an industry leader in areas such as automobiles and healthcare, to name a few. With globalization and reducing trade boundaries Germany has in fact become a trade partner for many Indian firms. Thus understanding business etiquettes, culture and protocol will supplement international businessmen and enhance cross cultural negotiation. The Rational German: Based on research findings, Germany’s geographical location and history have had a substantial effect on its culture and thus on the way that Germans negotiate. Some historical events helps us understand more about Germany, its people and the effects on negotiations: Pre-Unification Era: Before Charles V formed Prussia, Germany was largely comprised of small princely states (similar to India) in conflict with each other over resources. This brought upon the Germans a constant state of uncertainty and continuous battle. This however also made the Germans tough and seasoned negotiators. Unification & Prussia: This era was also responsible to developing many traits of the German culture which are insightful for deriving value out of a negotiation. With the formation of Prussia came – economic stability, growth and social structure. Germans preferred the certainty of an economically stable state and developed a keen sense of hierarchy. As the German state began to develop – so did the socio-political structure. Germans thus over the years formed very bureaucratic agencies of governance through methodical planning and reason. World Wars: Both the world wars left Germany crippled. However, Hitler’s action made certain that Germany would have to heavily rely on diplomatic relations before considering the use military force. It also made Germans develop a sense of fairness when dealing with people from other cultural backgrounds. Points to Ponder: Now that we understand where German people come from, we think it’s essential to shed some light on the salient features of the culture and how they impact a negotiation: Business Relationship: Germans traditionally believe in building trust over a period of time. This is usually an outcome of dependability, analytical thinking and intellect. Germans, unlike Indians, enter negotiations with a sense of trust. This is important from an Indian point of view as ability to generate and maximize value from a negotiation takes place over a long period of time. Interestingly enough trying to establish rapport in a hurried manner may arouse suspicion from a German counterpart. Trust one built, goes a long way in a business relationship, as Germans tend to be wary of uncertainty. Hence it is important to think strategically in long term and develop a mutually beneficial relationship from the start. One of the easiest ways to establish credibility with a German during a negotiation is to rely on a third party who has already established a level of trust and dependence on the German side. Displaying authority on the subject matter at hand, by professional qualifications will let the negotiating party earn respect in the eyes of their German counterparts, thus providing an upper hand will negotiating. Even though Germans are reserved and formal in nature, it’s possible to build long lasting relationships with them. A sure indicator of a relationship in the making is when a German decides to tell you embarrassing stories about himself. However it’s best not to repeat the stories to others as Germans tend to very proud people and can get hurt very easily. They also might expect you to be equally candid once the relationship has been built. During negotiations Germans tend to give more air time to the person who they think is technically sound in that matter. Hence it’s often a great idea to have your degrees printed out on the visiting card in order to establish a sense of authority when negotiating with them. Also Germans have a grounded belief that the workers in their country are better than the most the world and its best not to challenge this assumption. Business Communication: Although German is the official language of the country most of the business people speak British English. Most of the younger generation is well travelled and is fluent in business conversation. It is advisable to talk in short, complete sentences and in a slow firm voice to keep any negotiation without bringing in confusion. Germans tend to very direct in their communications and sometimes this can be misunderstood as being rude. Being very direct Germans dislike vague statements and diplomacy during any formal business discussions including negotiations. In fact too much diplomacy is likely to confuse a German. They will ask explanations, but is it possible that a German will walk out of a negotiation if the deal is unacceptable and/ or against company policy. It is also possible that a blunt â€Å"NO† can come your way, without substantial explanations. Germans tend to use body language very sparingly. Excessive use of body language may confuse your German counterpart. This can be an obstacle, especially during group negotiations as it will be difficult to judge the direction of the negotiation. Facial expression although limited can act as an indicator to judge if the proposal you have put forth has been liked or disliked. Maintaining eye contact is very crucial when talking to any German and is considered as a sign of trust and sincerity. This eye contact can border on staring. The American OK sign, with thumb and index finger forming a circle, is an obscene gesture in Germany, as is putting the thumb between index and middle finger in a fist. These should be strictly avoided. Initial Meeting Following are some of the points which should be noted when starting a negotiation: * â€Å"Shall we start with business† – will be used often as a conversation starter and is not considered rude in the German context. * Meetings need to be scheduled at least a week in advance and should not be cancelled at a short notice * There has to be reasonable explanation given when arriving late for a meeting and this is taken very negatively. * Planning is crucial when negotiating with Germans as it is very probable that they will be well prepared in any negotiation. Negotiating with Germans Style and Attitude of Negotiating: Unlike Indians, Germans believe in arriving at a win-win proposition. They tend to start negotiating respecting the other party and with a sense of trust, which they expect to be reciprocated. Interestingly, except for dispute resolution, any form a negotiation for a German is a joint problem solving activity rather and they expect both the parties to be involved equally in arriving at the solution. Many a times, a German would concentrate on dwelling over the technical aspects of a solution before entering the negotiation. Although co-operative in nature Germans may be unwilling to compromise completely unless this is their only option. While negotiating it is advisable to avoid open confrontation but remain calm, friendly and persistent. In case of a dispute resolution, one might try to find common ground by providing logical arguments based on data. Since many German negotiators will be thorough in their planning and data collection before the negotiation, it is sensible to have the same level of preparedness when you’re the opposite party. Many a times, during the negotiation a German might want to have additional data about certain aspects of the negotiation, which will help them analyze the solution better. Refusing to provide that data may reflect as lack of trust. Germans would prefer if data sharing was open and transparent and would not hesitate to reciprocate in the same manner. Germans are slow negotiators. The meticulous planning and data collection done before hand results in a very rigid and structured negotiation approach. Thus Germans would prefer going into sequential negotiating – debating each singular point, rather than packaging certain issues. This compartmentalized approach can be detrimental towards value maximization. Hence Germans find it difficult to negotiate with people from the south asia and middle east. At such times it is advisable to clearly state which objectives are linked and interdependent. Bargaining Traditionally Germans do not like the idea of bargaining and consider negotiation as a necessary evil. Business people do not give drastic concessions in this country so when if the bargaining stage in the negotiation is long drawn the variance in the final price would be not very far away from the original price. Even though German people may not agree, they tend to be aggressive during negotiations. These outcomes are more likely to be based on negotiation strategy developed during planning the negotiation. Threats, warnings and walkouts may be occasionally used. In this case it’s better to open with an offer which is already a part of your estimated ZOPA. Extreme offers can upset a German. Germans many a times employ defensive tactics such as blocking, asking probing or direct questions, or keeping a rigid position. Opening with written offers and introducing written terms and conditions may be effective as this will allow for proper preparation and could help shorten the b argaining process. Germans will likely find both benefits desirable. Corruption and bribery are very rare in Germany. It is strongly advisable to stay away from giving gifts of significant value or making offers that could be read as bribery. With Germans one must be careful when using pressure tactics such as applying time pressure, making expiring offers, or nibbling. Germans may consider these inappropriate unless they are strongly interested in your offer and clearly understand the logic behind the approach. Otherwise, while the negotiation is not necessarily over, it may become less constructive. Decision Making Germans tend to respect hierarchy because it helps maintain an element of control, not because they believe that bosses are better managers. So more than often when a German states that a decision during a negotiation is not within his authority, it would help to provide him with more data and information to get the approval from his immediate superiors. Decision making is a well planned and executed process in Germany and hence takes substantial amount of time. Patience is required to see the decision through and once made is very unlikely to change. Agreements and Contracts Both agreements and contracts in Germany tend to be legally binding unless stated otherwise. It is always advisable to consult a legal advisor before signing any contract to understand its process. These contracts (once signed) are usually dependable and considered binding. Once signed any amendment to the agreement or contract can be meet with serious opposition. Surprisingly German love for punctuality is often not extended towards contract drafting – as they would prefer to have everything in writing. References: * http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0b6DChPi0UUC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=why+are+germans+logical+?&source=bl&ots=UAyhMKCScy&sig=3Nxe8sfCspiubwZel99itdZ3QxI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OZfUUK6bHY_rrQevl4CQDg&ved=0CGcQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=why%20are%20germans%20logical%20%3F&f=false * http://www.german-business-etiquette.com/22-successful-negotiations.html