How to Make a Model of an Atom

Atoms are the smallest units of each element and the building blocks of matter. Heres how to make a model of an atom. Learn the Parts of the Atom The first step is to learn the parts of an atom so you know how the model should look. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. A simple traditional atom contains an equal number of each type of particle. Helium, for example, is shown using 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. The form of an atom is due to the electric charge of its parts. Each proton has one positive charge. Each electron has one negative charge. Each neutron is neutral or carries no electric charge. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other, so you might expect the protons and electrons to stick to each other. Thats not how it works out  because there is a force that holds protons and neutrons together. The electrons are attracted to the core of protons/neutrons, but its like being in orbit around the Earth. You are attracted to the Earth by gravity, but when youre in orbit, you perpetually fall around the planet rather than down to the surface. Similarly, electrons orbit around the nucleus. Even if they fall toward it, they are moving too fast to stick. Sometimes electrons get enough energy to break free or the nucleus attracts additional electrons. These behaviors are the basis for why chemical reactions occur! Find Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons You can use any materials that you can stick together with sticks, glue, or tape. Here are some ideas: If you can, use three colors, for protons, neutrons, and electrons. If youre trying to be as realistic as possible, its worth knowing protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other, while electrons are much smaller. Presently, it is believed each particle is round. Material Ideas Ping pong ballsGumdropsFoam ballsClay or doughMarshmallowsPaper circles (taped to paper) Assemble the Atom Model The nucleus or core of each atom consists of protons and neutrons. Make the nucleus by sticking protons and neutrons to each other. For a helium nucleus, for example, you would stick 2 protons and 2 neutrons together. The force that holds the particles together is invisible. You can stick them together using glue or whatever is handy. Electrons orbit around the nucleus. Each electron carries a negative electrical charge that repels other electrons, so most models show the electrons spaced as far apart from each other as possible. Also, the distance of the electrons from the nucleus is organized into shells that contain a set number of electrons. The inner shell holds a maximum of two electrons. For a helium atom, place two electrons the same distance from the nucleus, but on opposite sides of it. Here are some materials you could attach the electrons to the nucleus: Invisible nylon fishing lineStringToothpicksDrinking straws How to Model an Atom of a Particular Element If you want to make a model of a particular element, take a look at a periodic table. Every element in the periodic table has an atomic number. For example, hydrogen is element number 1 and carbon is element number 6. The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of that element. So, you know you need 6 protons to make a model of carbon. To make a carbon atom, make 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Bundle the protons and neutrons together to make the nucleus and put the electrons outside the atom. Note that the model gets slightly more complicated when you have more than 2 electrons (if youre trying to model as realistically as possible) because only 2 electrons fit into the inner shell. You can use an electron configuration chart to determine how many electrons to put into the next shell. Carbon has 2 electrons in the inner shell and 4 electrons in the next shell. You could further subdivide the electron shells into their subshells, if you wish. The same process can be used to make models of heavier elements.

Robert Heilbroner s Twenty First Century Capitalism

The world has developed over years in business, technology and science. Capitalism has been the key to the development of business and a countries economy capitalism has changed the economy and society in both positive and negative ways both suitable. Robert Heilbroner book†Twenty-first-century capitalism(1993)† talked about going beyond economic theories too but focuses on the problems of modern economic society. He thought of capitalism as the interrelationship between the economic system and a political order ,that is howâ€Å"two realms of capitalism† were formed. As we go on in this essay certain questions would need to be answered like â€Å" how did capitalism start competition , is the government allowed to interfere in a capitalist market†¦show more content†¦Finally, we come to market societies and the term Laissez-faire is a french word meaning †leave alone† which means that the government allows the people to conduct business or d o as they please in the interest of the market without their intervention in it ,at this point this is where the separation of economy and state was formed†Business stands behind government in emergencies,while government stands behind business between emergencies†(Heilbroner,p.57). The modern capitalism was brought about by Adam Smith, who did not agree with the idea of the mercantilism . He believed in limited government regulations were needed and that division of labor was very necessary. If modern capitalism is mentioned a major factor to it was the industrial revolution, this process was when the use of animals for the production of goods and services was depleted and mechanical power was what replaced. The clearly meant the government left the business and allowed it to be controlled by the people. His theory was if government let did not associate themselves with business,that companies would be more than ready to lower the prices of goods and services. â€Å" Markets are the conduits through which the energies of system flow and the mechanism by which the private realm can organize its tasks without the direct intervention of the public realm†(Heilbroner,p.74). This

Idling Engine Ban Free Essays

1. To what extent do you agree with the idling engine ban? A few years ago, the Environmental Protection Department proposed to legislate the idling engine ban, under which all vehicles must switch off their engines. I totally disagree with the idling engine ban, for I think that this policy not only cannot bring benefits to pedestrians in air quality, but instead brings harm to drivers and passengers. We will write a custom essay sample on Idling Engine Ban or any similar topic only for you Order Now To start with, the idling engine ban brings inconvenience to drivers. As the idling engine ban proposes that a driver has to switch off their idle engines immediately, drivers had to switch of their engines even if they had to wait in a place for as short as 3 minutes. This abrupt switching off and on of the engine is not only bothersome to drivers, but may lead to a shorter lifespan of motor vehicles. Apart from the harm to the driver, a problem of poor ventilation is caused by the idling engine ban, which affects both drivers and passengers. As stated by the government, vehicles are the second largest local source of air pollutants. In the middle of the road where traffic is intense, if a driver has to switch off the air conditioner and open the windows, the driver and the passengers will breathe in harmful gases which will affect their health in the long term. Also, when the temperature reaches above 30 degrees in summer, drivers and passengers have a high chance of suffering from heat strokes if the air conditioner is turned off. To maintain a driver’s good condition of health is crucial when driving, therefore the idling engine ban is not feasible. Moreover, from the government’s perspective, it is difficult for the idling engine ban to be implemented. Firstly, a fine of $320 may not be severe enough to stop drivers from switching on their idling engines. Secondly, as there are many exemptions to the ban, the police will not be able to identify violating vehicles effectively. The usefulness of the ban would be greatly decreased. The government stated that the idling engine ban can reduce air pollution in Hong Kong as vehicles are a main pollutant. I agree that the ban can improve the health of Hong Kong citizens and pedestrians in particular, though only in a small extent. However, statistics show that emissions produced when vehicles are idle are only a small part of gas emitted by vehicles. In fact, running vehicles produce a major part of pollutants. Thus, I think that the idling engine ban is not significant enough; the government should consider alternatives to tackle the major problem of the increasing number of private cars to reduce air pollution. To conclude, the idling engine ban would cause inconvenience to drivers and affect the health of drivers and pedestrians. It would be difficult to implement and ineffective to reduce air pollution. Therefore, I totally disagree with the idling engine ban as it brings harmful effects to all stakeholders. 2. What can individuals, private organizations and the government do to ease the costs you have identified in Q1? In Q1, I have identified the costs of the idling engine ban as inconvenience to drivers, poor ventilation during hot weather, difficult implementation and insignificance in reducing air pollution. Firstly, if the idling engine ban was implemented, individual drivers can develop more self-discipline and abide to the laws so that gas emissions will decrease. They can also report on cases of violating the ban. The effectiveness of the ban would increase and implementation of the ban would be more successful. Individuals can also ride on public vehicles more often, so that the major source of air pollutants would be cut down. Secondly, private organizations such as environmental organizations can tell Hong Kong citizens the benefits of the idling engine ban through large-scale functions or advertisements, so that more drivers will see the meaning behind the ban and will not complain that it is inconvenient. They will obey the ban more strictly. Thirdly, the government can ease the poor ventilation during hot weather by changing the ban to allow exemption of all vehicles from switching off the idle engine when the temperature is over 30 degrees. Also, the government can increase the fine so that drivers would not violate the ban easily and it would be easier to implement the ban. How to cite Idling Engine Ban, Papers

Leaders in the United States free essay sample

A examination of what makes a leader while using these characteristics to compare the current leaders in the United States. This paper details the rulers of America today. The writer explores what makes a leader and then uses examples of current American leaders to illustrate those traits. The paper takes the reader on a tour of leadership roles by todays societal standards. Leaders examined are Jesse Jackson, Bill Gates, George Bush and others. The United States is considered by many to be a leader in the world. Other nations turn to the states for guidance and assistance. Being the leader is a burden that America has born nicely and lived up to the challenge. America is considered the strongest powerful nation in the world so it is easy to understand why it is a leader. The leader of America are also strong and powerful people. To be able to lead the most powerful nation in the world the leaders of the nation have to share some common traits. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders in the United States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page