Decision Making in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decision Making in Practice - Essay Example Overview Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) This refers to the excision of the uterus and cervix. This procedure is indicated in a variety of conditions including ovarian cancer, cervical dysplasia, pelvic relaxation, uterine prolapse, endometriosis and uterine fibroids (leiomyomas). About 10% of TAH is done for cancer, but the remaining 90% is performed due to non emergency and non cancerous reasons. This procedure may also be performed in when a patient continually experiences unusual pelvic pain. TAH ensures that a woman is not able to bear children again. The procedure is of advantage as it allows a total examination of the abdomen and pelvis, hence, it allows for the investigation of cancer and other unclear growths. Statistics reveal that approximately 300 women out of 100,000 women in the US undergo TAH. Even in non emergency and non cancerous conditions, TAH poses remarkable challenges for omen and health care practitioners (Anspach 2009, p65). During TAH, the uterus and cerv ix are detached from the fallopian tubes, upper vagina, ovaries, and the adjoining connective tissue and blood vessels. As a result of this, complications arising from the procedure are likely to be marked. The procedure, lasting about 2 hours, is normally performed in general anesthesia so that the patient does not wake up during the procedure. In order to minimize infections, vaginal cleansing is done and antibiotics are administered to the patient before the procedure is done. A urinary catheter is first passed through the patient’s urethra so that the bladder is emptied. This urinary catheter will remain in the patient throughout the procedure and some time after the procedure. Vertical and/or horizontal incisions are then made on the abdomen so that the uterus is exposed (Mehta 2008, p56). Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy (BSO) This refers to the surgical excision of both sets fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is commonly done with TAH and is referred to as TAH/BSO which is done in about one third of all hysterectomies. BSO is done to treat gynecological cancers and infections. It is also indicated in cases of ectopic pregnancies that occur in the fallopian tube. Just like in TAH, general anesthesia is given to the patient before the start of the procedure, before an incision is made to remove the organs (Ricks 2008, p78). Management of the patient BAH/BSO is a surgical procedure, hence, it has a lot of complications ranging from surgical site infections, extreme pain and bleeding. All these, if not controlled, will are fatal. After the surgery, the patient stayed in the recovery room for some hours. The patient was then monitored to check whether there were any signs of pain. The patient had some pain, hence, we administered some analgesics and we also administered broad spectrum antibiotics to the patient so that infections would be prevented. Since the procedure requires close monitoring and management, the patient was required to stay in the hospi tal for about 4 to 5 days. There was also par vaginal bleeding, which we controlled and managed through the use of sanitary towels. Since it is normal for a patient who has undergone the procedure to have bloody vaginal discharge, we provided a lot of sanitary pads to the patient for purposes of controlling the excessive bleeding (Berek 2008, p87). Catheter Care The catheter was placed to the

Introduction to Global Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Global Management - Assignment Example It is a multinational corporation since it operates in the 130 countries around the world and has employed more than 20,000 people. The products of the company are found in thousands of restaurants and supermarket freezers. Research shows that one of every three fries sold in different restaurants in the world comes from McCain and this in turn translates to one hundred million servings of the company’s fries every day (Cameron & Mike, 39). One of the strategies that McCain used to expand in China is the launch of a French fry processing plant in Harbin, the capital of North East China. This is the first processing facility in Asia and serves as the headquarters of the company in China. The construction of the plant will allow the distribution of the potatoes not only in China, but also in other North Asian markets like South Korea and Japan. This therefore makes McCain foods to be the company that is leading in the production of French fries. In addition, the company opened sales offices in Shanghai and introduced mechanical planters and diggers to the McCain way of growing potatoes. This includes the techniques used in the preparation of deep soil, and proper ways to irrigate therefore improving the quality of the yields thus increasing the margins compared to other crops. The purpose of the construction of the new plant in China was to make the company be a leader in the supply of potatoes to expand the Chinese mark et and help to meet the market demands of the country by providing products that are of high quality domestically. Moreover, the company needed to raise its presence in the big underdeveloped markets. Moreover, the spread of service retailers like the KFC and McDonald’s that have made their way extensively in the Asian markets has contributed to McCain constructing a plant in China. For new companies, it can be challenging to enter a foreign market. According to Hofstede works on global cultures, some of the challenges the Canadian

Coperate Gorvernance Essay Example for Free

Coperate Gorvernance Essay Executive summary: Cadbury Report (1992) stated that â€Å"corporate governance is the process by which companies and directed and controlled† (cited in Tricker, 2009). In other words, it helps the corporate entities increase the value provided to the organisation’s various stakeholders. Therefore, appropriate corporate governance plays a very important role in development of organisations. This  review will define corporate governance and some of its concepts (through the paper). Following, the review will give a Memorandum or a general introduction about Nufarm, which is a publicly listed company and then consider the structure, process and effectiveness of its governance. Besides, the paper will mention about areas such as the composition and responsibilities of the Nufarm Board of Directors, and disclose policies, codes of conduct adopted by the company, which are relevant to the company’s governance scopes. Finally, from information and analyses, there are some recommendations for the Nufarm to achieve appropriate improvements. For example, the company’s governance should recognise and adhere to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In addition, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. Furthermore, the company should have effective methods to review drivers of governance, etc. Table of contents Contents I.Introduction3 II.What is corporate governance?3 III.General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum)3 IV.The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance4 The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes:7 V.Recommendations8 VI.References10 I. Introduction Recently, the appearance of high-profile corporate failures, scandals and executive corruption arises the requirement for organisations to follow appropriate corporate governance structures, processes standards and practices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure, process and  effectiveness of the governance of Nufarm, a publicly listed company and give recommendations for it to achieve appropriate improvements. II. What is corporate governance? Cadbury report (1992) and OECD (1999) defined that ‘corporate governance is the process by which company are directed and controlled’.  Monks Minow (2001) suggested that ‘corporate governance is the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of corporations. The primary participants are the shareholders, the management and the board of directors’. OECD (2001) supposed that ‘corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and accepted business practices, which together govern the relationship, in a market economy, between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations, on the other III. General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum) Nufarm Limited is a publicly listed company, one of the world’s leading crop protection companies (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The company manufactures products to help farmers protect their crops against damage caused by weeds, pests and disease. Its manufacturing and marketing spread throughout Australia, New Zealand, Asia, The Americas and Europe and sells products in more than 100 countries around the world. According to the Nufarm’s website (2012), the company employs more than 2,600 people around the places having its manufacturing and marketing operations, all of whom make a vital contribution to the companys reputation for quality products, innovation and first class marketing and technical support. Proudly based in Australia, Nufarm is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (with symbol NUF). Its head office is located at Laverton in Melbourne, Australia. Table1: the information contained in the company details table (ASX website, 2012) IV. The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance The company’s board structure contains Chairman (Donald Gordon McGauchie), Managing Director/CEO (Doug Rathbone), and five Non Executive Directors who are Anne Bernadette Brennan, Gordon Richard Davis, Bruce Goodfellow, Gary Hounsell, Peter Margin (Nufarm’s website, 2012). According to the company’s website (2012), the Board is the governing body of the Company. The Board is responsible for the oversight of the Company. It is responsible to ensure that the business of the Company is carried out in the best interests of all shareholders and with proper regard to the interests of all other stakeholders. Specifically, the Board has responsibility to protect and enhance the value of the assets of the Company, set strategies and directions and monitor and review those strategic objectives, review and ratify internal controls, codes of conduct and legal compliance, review the Company’s accounts, approve and review the one year operating budget and five year strategic plan for the Company, appoint the Managing Director, evaluate performance and determine the remuneration of the Managing Director and senior executives, ensure the significant risks facing the Company have been identified and adequate control monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place, approve transactions relating to acquisitions, divestments and capital expenditure above authority limits delegated to management, approve financial and dividend policy, appoint the Company Secretary, ratify the appointment of the Chief Financial Officer (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The managing Director is delegated to be responsible for the day-to-day leadership and management of the Company. To assist the Board to discharge its responsibilities and duties, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director specific authorities which are subject to appropriate reporting and monitoring procedures. For example: * Shareholder values / corporate strategy: the Managing Director formulates and brings to the Board for review and approval, an appropriate long term strategy for the Nufarm Group  and appropriate financial standards and policies. The strategy is reviewed by the Board at its annual strategic planning review and any changes in financial standards are reviewed by the Audit Committee. * Organisation Planning: the Managing Director formulates an appropriate human resources policy which is reviewed by the Board annually. * Capital Allocation: The Managing Director approves capital expenditure within limits set by the Board. All approvals made by the Managing Director are reported and reviewed at every Board Meeting. * Company Financial Performance: the Managing Director reports to the Board at each Board Meeting on the financial results of the Company. * Compliance: The Managing Director is responsible for ensuring compliance with all relevant legislation. In brief, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director all powers required to manage the business of the Company and the Managing Director reports on a monthly basis on all material matters affecting the Nufarm Group to the Board. Besides, The Board has three committees: the Audit Committee, the Nomination Committee and the Remuneration Committee. These Board Committees review and analyse policies and strategies within their specific terms of reference. The Board Committees examine proposals and, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Board. The Board Committees do not take direct action or make decisions on behalf of the Board unless specifically mandated by prior Board authority (Nufarm’s website). The Nomination Committee consists of three non-executive Directors and is comprised of a majority of independent Directors. The Committee’s purpose is to develop criteria for Board membership and identify specific individuals for nomination; and establish processes for the review of the performance of individual Directors and the Board as a whole. The duties of this committee is facilitating a Board performance assessment, develop criteria for Board membership, identify suitably skilled, qualified and experienced individuals for nomination and to establish processes for the review of the performance of Directors. According to Tricker (2012, p.283), ‘the essential and original role of the audit committee is to act as a bridge between the independent external auditors and the board, avoiding the possibility of powerful executive directors’ and over the years the role and responsibilities of the committee have expanded. Nufarm company’s Audit Committee’s primary function is to assist the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance responsibilities in regard to financial reporting, audit and risk management, including: oversight of the preparation of Nufarm Limited’s (the Group) financial reporting; compliance with legal and regulatory obligations; oversight of the effectiveness of the Group’s enterprise-wide risk management and internal control framework; and oversight of the relationship with the external and internal auditors. The specific duties and responsibilities of the company’s audit committee in meeting will be: report Committee actions to the Board with such recommendations as the Committee may deem appropriate (e.g. The Committee will report to the Board immediately if it becomes aware of any material misstatement in financial information provided by management to the Board or of any material breakdown in internal controls), continuously monitor a framework and processes for compliance with laws, regulations, standards, best practice guidelines and the Group’s code of conduct, maintain suitable interaction with the Health Safety Environment Committee and the Nomination Governance Committee, perform such other functions assigned by law, the Companys Constitution, or the Board. The Remuneration Committee’s purpose is to recommend to the Board policies and practices which enable Nufarm to attract, develop, retain and motivate high caliber Directors and executives. The Committee will review and make recommendations on policies for remuneration, development, retention and termination of Directors and Key Management Personnel (KMP). The Committee’s duties are to review and make recommendations to the Board in relation to Nufarm’s Board and executive remuneration strategy, structure and practice with regard to: Nufarm strategic objectives; corporate governance principles; and competitive practice. The specific matters the Committee may consider include the review of: executive management and Directors’  remuneration, including the link between Company and individual performance; current industry best practice; the outcome of the annual vote on the adoption of the Remuneration Report; different methods for remunerating senior management and Directors including superannuation arrangements; 2/4 existing or proposed incentive schemes; retirement and termination benefits and payments for senior management; professional indemnity and liability insurance policies. The Committee is responsible for seeking and approving remuneration advisers that will provide independent remuneration advice, as appropriate, on Board, CEO and other KMP remuneration strategy, structure practice and disclosure. However, according to the company website (2012), the Committee does not have executive powers to commit the Board or management to its recommendations except where authorised by a resolution of the Board nor become involved in day to day management activities or decision making. The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes: According to Tricker (2012), the structure, the membership and the process of the governing body are central to corporate governance. However, the relations with shareholders, contractual stakeholders, legal institutions, etc also influence the structure and operation of Nufarm’s corporate governance. Therefore, the company’s corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and public institutions, which together govern the relationship between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations on the other (Tricker, 2012). For example, the company’s code of conduct is governed by and contrasted in accordance with the laws in the State of Victoria, Australia. Besides, Nufarm has ensured to be compliance with the ASX Listing Rules, and ensured that Key Management Personnel and their associates are aware of the legal restrictions in dealing in Nufarm’s shares, options or other securities while such a person is in possession of unpublished price sensitive information concerning Nufarm. V. Recommendations There are some recommendations in order for Nufarm to make appropriate  improvements for its corporate governance are: Firstly, Nufarm should conduct its business in a manner which recognises and adheres to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In order to meet this commitment, we require all Nufarm directors, employees, contractors and consultants to be familiar with and uphold the company’s code of conduct in all business dealings. Besides, according to Tricker (2012), the Board, which determines whether the company’s governance is good, is the major driving force in a company. However, there are other drivers of good governance in the company such as shareholders. Therefore, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. For example, with shareholders, the company should adopt a shareholder communications policy in order to: * Ensure that shareholders and the financial markets are provided with full and timely information about its activities; * Comply with continuous disclosure obligations contained in applicable Listing Rules and the Corporations Act in Australia as well as industry guidelines such as the Australasian Investor Relations Associations’, Best Practice Guidelines for Communication between Listed Entities and the Investment Community; and Ensure equality of access to briefings, presentations and meetings for shareholders, analysts and media. * Encourage attendance and voting at shareholder meetings; The company’s Remuneration Committee should review induction and development arrangements for the Board to ensure Board members gain and maintain a suitable level of knowledge about Nufarm. Audit Committee should usually review and make recommendations to the Board on the Nufarm Diversity Policy ensuring the Policy is in line with applicable legislation and governance principles. Self-assess whether the Committees comply with its membership requirements at least once every year. Critically review the Remuneration Committee Charter at least once per year to ensure its relevance and compliance with overall governance legislative requirements and best practice. VI. References Monks, B., Nell, M. 2007, Corporate Governance, 4th edn, Chichester, UK:Wiley. Tricker, B. 2009, Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies, and Practices, Oxford University Press. Nufarm website 2012, http://www.nufarm.com/Home, viewed 15 July, 2012. ASX website 2012, Nufarm Limited (NUF), http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/companyInfo.do?by=asxCodeasxCode=NUF, viewed 15 July, 2012.

The Catcher in the Rye | Psychology Analysis

The Catcher in the Rye | Psychology Analysis Holdens father is a lawyer who seems to be rather strict and very interested in appearances, he shows this by making sure that Holden stays in exclusive prep schools. He never got to know Holden because of this. His mother is mentioned as being nervous as hell, suffering numerous headaches and smoking most nights. All of it is blamed on her never getting over Allies death. Holden never got to know his parents because he was for the most part sent to boarding schools. He never had a chance at developing a healthy relationship with his parents. Holdens family is obviously very important to him. At the beginning of his account he begins with talking about his parents and his brother. Holden negatively criticizes them to conceal the fact that he truly loves them. Holden is constantly being sent from one boarding school to a new. The emotional distance between him and his parents strengthens his general alienation from everyone. He has a good relationship with his sister, Phoebe. He loves his sister and admires her. He wants to protect Phoebe from the cruel world. Phoebe understands what Holden is talking about and what he is going through. Holden feels the constant need to protect her from the cruel world around her. Phoebe is concerned about Holdens future and what will happen to him when their dad become aware of Holden getting kicked out of boarding school (pg 164 Salinger). When Holden was going to run off to the west, she tells him that if he goes, she will too (pg 207 Salinger). After this Holden seems to be able to comprehend the reality that she will be destroying her life if she runs with him, and decides that he will go home with her. This is the only moment that Holden puts another person ahead of himself and acknowledges that he has the capacity to change the lives of others. This judgment of his shows that there may be hope that Holden has the capability to heal into a fully functioning adult s ubsequently to his re-entry into the world after exiting the mental hospital. For his deceased brother Allie, which I suspect has cause a majority of Holdens psychological problems. He idealizes him. According to Holden, hes the most intelligent, nicest, most charming kid with a great sense of humor you will ever come across (pg 38 Salinger). In Holdens worship for his brother and in his pain over Allies death, Holden has overrated Allie into a saint. Allie died when he was eleven years old, still a child and innocent. Having by no means been tainted by the world of adults, Allie is probably the individual Holden could catch in a field of rye, the only person who never has to go over the edge of the great cliff. This is why, when Phoebe asked Holden to name one thing he likes, he responds with Allie.(pg 171 Salinger) D.B. is Holdens older brother is a screenwriter in Hollywood. He use to write great stories, so great, that Holden credits him with being his favorite writer. D.B. is also the pinnacle of phoniness in Holdens mind because hes forfeited his art (writing stories) for money (writing screenplays for Hollywood). Holden recounts a flash back of When D.B. came back from the army D.B. says that the army is full of traitors. Holden then adds his own opinion about the army which is very similar to D.B. This was one of the very few moments they ever bonded. 3. Relationship with peers Holden does not have a good association with his friends He frequently feels perplexed and lonely because he has no friends. He passes judgment on his roommates, Ackley and Stradlater when he was at Pencey. He hates Stradlater and feels jealous of him. He feels sorry for Ackley, even though they are both similar. Holden considers that all everyone around him are phony. He feels strong resentment against everyone and he does not know how to develop a healthy relationship with other people. He feels alienated or excluded from society because he never had a chance to develop his social skills because he always was being shipped to different boarding schools. Not have the chance to make new friends 4. Sexuality / Physical maturity Holden is not ready for sex. He is interested about sex, but he is not emotionally ready for sex. When Sunny the prostitute came by (pg 93 Salinger), he did not desire to have sex. He felt distress when he heard that Stradlater might have sex with Jane. He does not think that there should be casual sex between two people. He feels that sex should take place when two people are in love. even though Holden is struggling to hold on to his innocence, he is preoccupied by the thought of sex. He believes you should not be intimate with a girl unless you know her very well and like her a lot. He sees this belief as a weakness. When Stradlater takes out Jane, his childhood friend, Holden becomes more than just jealous he becomes enraged at the thought that Stradlater may give her the time even though this is their first date. He is also disturbed by the fact that he is aroused by women he does not care for, such as the blonde tourist he dances with in the Lavender Room or Sally Hayes, who he wants to run away and get married to. However, she is not into the idea and probably scared off by his advances. Nothing about Holdens way of thinking is logical at this point in his recount. 5. Attitude too authority Holden applies the term phony not to people who are insincere but to those who are too conventional or too typical, for instance, individuals who dress and behave like the other members of their social class. While Holden exploits the label phony to imply that such people are superficial, his use of the term in fact indicates that his own perceptions of other people are superficial. In almost every case, he rejects more complex conclusions in favor of simple categorical ones. 6. Philosophy of life He is a confused teenager, overly sensitive to the normal complexity of the adult world (which he insists on calling phony) and unable to understand the truth that life is neither black nor white. I dont think Holden is able to determine what he believes and so calls himself a sort of atheist, emphasizing not so much belief or disbelief, but rather his inability to distinguish between the two. Holdens outlook on life reflects Holdens current dilemma in that Holden is now unidentified of society and fights corrupt phonies., the sum of such a traumatic history results in negative impact on Holdens mental health as he becomes misplaced and roams about the streets. Having dark thoughts as he searches without end and pointlessly for stability in life and ultimate finds himself on the brink of emotional breakdown. 7. Use of language / attention span / consistency of thought Holdens language typically stays away offensive and obscene. On every occasion he says words like ass, it is simply teenage phrasing for a part of the human body. He does not say it to be distasteful. Ass is basically an additional word Holden uses to better convey ideas. His terminology contains terminology that is religious, even though are not used that way. He uses words that pertain to the divine such as Gods sake, God and goddam, nevertheless, he never means it in a profane manner. They are only parts of his speech. He uses these words in an informal way when referring to his goddam hunting cap or saying somebody is a goddam moron. Holden has a very short attention span and cannot or does not want to focus on details. He changes subjects quickly and has difficulty focusing on one thing at times. Holden clearly states STANDARD PSYCHIATRIC RELEASE FORM (page 4) that he finds it hard concentrating during his discussion with Phoebe about what he likes in life, I couldnt concentrate too hot. Sometimes its hard thinking. (pg 169 Salinger) Holden is trying to reinforce his values. Holden repeatedly comments on his hatred toward phonies. That is one thing that Holden hates more than almost anything. That could be the reason he frequently confirms a statement with I really do, It really does, or if you want to know the truth. He also confirms comments by repeating them twice like She likes me a lot. I mean shes quite fond of me. He uses different phrases and styles to give a more truthful backing to his comments, as a result preventing himself from seeming like a phony. 8. Conclusion (explanation, rationale, and recommendations) In my best judgment as a psychiatrist I believe that Holden is not ready for release due to his unstable psychological state. After evaluating his account I believe Holden is suffering from Posttraumatic stress disorder from the traumatizing events during his child hood such as his Classmate jumping out a window and his brother Allie, dying from leukemia. I also believe he is suffering from Gerontophobia which is the fear of growing up which he constantly shows as he tries to protect his childhood innocence from society. He shows signs of ADH as he changes topics quite frequently during his account and states that he finds concentrating difficult. He is a Pathological liar because he constructs a perfect world around him where he never loses his innocence and tries to protect children from the dangers of the adult world. He constantly defends his reality when it is challenged, such as when Phoebe challenges him and his perfect world he does not listen to her reasoning and does not li sten to her. He is also showing signs of Major depressive disorder he shows this through his irritability, and his moods change very quickly. He also hates to focus on details, and spent time thinking over them. Most importantly at one point in his recount he had thoughts of suicide. The final psychological problem he has is Bipolar disorder because he did rarely sleep; he was highly irritable and had suicidal ideation. In order to treat Holdens psychological problems I would suggest individual and family counseling with his parents in order to cure his alienation from society.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teaching Careers Education Teac

Teaching Philosophy Statement Knowing that you have had an impact on someone and ending the day feeling like you changed just one life could be the best job in the world. To me those feelings and thoughts can only come from one profession-teaching. I have a family full of teachers and it is exciting to see them come home and have that satisfaction of influencing someone’s life. I want to be apart of that feeling and emotion. I have chosen the route to be a Special Education teacher; I feel that this is going to be the best way to have that feeling and emotion of inspiring someone else’s life each and everyday. I want to work with children with Learning Disabilities (LD), Behavior Disorders (BD), and my favorite Autism (AU). My goal is to have each child go home everyday and for the parents to know and to see what they have accomplished each day while they are at school, and to know they have mastered that skill and are ready to move on each day. That is my goal in wanting to become a teacher. Now that I have made my decision to become a teacher there are a few things that I need to be aware of for my teaching methods in my classroom. There are a couple of ways I am going to base my classroom teaching upon. These include mastery learning, direct teaching and cooperative learning. I strongly agree with all three of those. Mastery Learning deals with an individual who has to master one task before moving on to the next. I want each and every student to understand what is going on, even if they have to ask as many questions that their minds think of, I want them to all be fully informed on what it is I am trying to get them to understand. Next is the most important to me,... ...ur classroom. Along with this method you need to also use social reinforcements, with a nod, or a smile it gives the same result in saying rewards and compliments out loud. By these two philosophies I strongly agree with them both, and I will use them in my classroom to see especially my student’s personalities. I feel that they are the ones that are most successful and I will base my day around them in the classroom. By researching all these methods, with my personality and my ways of wanting to become a teacher these methods match me to my highest standards. I want to be a teacher and a friend for my student’s who they look up to and for them to go home and to feel good about themselves and can show off what they have learned. My goal is that indeed and to me that is the best way to have an impact on someone’s life, especially your student’s.

Adults and Children as Learners Essay -- Education Psychology Essays

Adults and Children as Learners Teaching adults should be different if adults learn differently than children do. Theories or perspectives on adult learning, such as andragogy, make a number of assertions about the characteristics of adults as learners: adults need learning to be meaningful; they are autonomous, independent, and self-directed; prior experiences are a rich learning resource; their readiness to learn is associated with a transition point or a need to perform a task; their orientation is centered on problems, not content; they are intrinsically motivated; their participation in learning is voluntary (Draper 1998; Sipe 2001; Tice 1997; Titmus 1999). For some, "the major difference between adults and younger learners is the wealth of their experience" (Taylor, Marienau, and Fiddler 2000, p. 7). For others, the capacity for critical thinking or transformative learning is what distinguishes adults (Vaske 2001). In contrast, pedagogy assumes that the child learner is a dependent personality, has limited ex perience, is ready to learn based on age level, is oriented to learning a particular subject matter, and is motivated by external rewards and punishment (Guffey and Rampp 1997; Sipe 2001). If there are indeed "distinctive characteristics of adults, on which claims for the uniqueness and coherence of adult education are based, then one might expect them to be taken into account in all organized education for adults" (Titmus 1999, p. 347). However, each of these characteristics is contested. Courtney et al. (1999) assert that "characteristics of adult learners" refers to a small number of identified factors with little empirical evidence to support them. Andragogy has been criticized for characterizing adults as w... ...ctions for Adult and Continuing Education no. 91, edited by C. A. Hansman and P. A. Sissel, pp. 17-27. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Fall 2001. Smith, M. C., and Pourchot, T., eds. Adult Learning and Development. Perspectives from Educational Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Taylor, K.; Marienau, C.; and Fiddler, M. Developing Adult Learners. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Tice, E. T. "Educating Adults: A Matter of Balance." Adult Learning 9, no. 1 (Fall 1997): 18-21. Titmus, C. "Concepts and Practices of Education and Adult Education: Obstacles to Lifelong Education and Lifelong Learning?" International Journal of Lifelong Education 18, no. 5 (September-October 1999): 343-354. Vaske, J. M. "Critical Thinking in Adult Education: An Elusive Quest for a Definition of the Field." Ed.D. dissertation, Drake University, 2001. (ED 456 251)

Elizabethan Life/Elizabethan Dance

Christian Gabriel Mrs. Molnar English 1 Pre-IB 23 May 2011 Elizabethan Life/Elizabethan Dance Dance was an integral part of the lifestyle in the Elizabethan Era. Not only did the noble class enjoy it, but also the lower class. Dance was used in celebrations and parties, and often, just for leisure. Prestigious dancing masters taught these dances. These dances included unique forms and one-of-a-kind styles (Hall 81). First of all, dancing masters were great services for the English Elizabethan Court.In the Elizabethan era, it was required for English Elizabethan Court members to have experience in dancing, especially because Queen Elizabethan encouraged it amongst all of her subjects (Alchin /Elizabethan Dance). The most famous dancing masters were Thoinot Arbeau, Fabritio Caroso, and Cesare Negri (Alchin / Elizabethan Dance). Thoinot Arbeau was born on March 17, 1520. He was known as a theoretican and historian of dance. He produced a dancing manual called the Orchesographie. This da ncing manual contained carefully detailed, step-by-step descriptions of 16th dance forms.His services were very helpful to the Elizabethan Court (Hall 81). Fabritio Caroso da Sermoneta was an Italian Renaissance dancing master. His dance manual, Il Ballarino, was published in 1581. Another was Nobilta di Dame, which was printed in 1600. Many of the dances of Fabritio Caroso's manuals are meant for two dancers with a few for four or more dancers. These manuals offer a great deal of information to dance historians. Many of the dances also contain dedications to noble women who were members of the Elizabethan Court (Hall 81). Cesare Negri was an Italian dancer and choreographer.Born in Milan, he founded a dance academy there in 1554. He wrote the dance manual Le Grazie d'Amore, the first text on ballet theory to expound the principle of the â€Å"five basic positions†. Negri was an active Elizabethan Court choreographer for the nobility in Italy (Hall 81). Arbeau, Caroso, and Ne gri all taught many forms of dance. There were many simple dances performed during the Elizabethan Era. Dances for the upper class included the Tintertell, the Saltarello, and the Ballet. Lower class dances included the Jig, the Brawle, and Morris Dancing (Alichin / Elizabethan Dance). It was impossible for many of the upper class dances to be performed by the lower class and vice-versa† (Alchin / Elizabethan Dance). As a result, dances were only for one’s specific class (Alchin / Elizabethan Dance). Upper class dances required the use of large instruments, such as keyboard instruments. A popular dance of the upper class was the Tintertell. It was a sophisticated dance with intricate steps and nuances. The Tintertell was performed with couple and at Masques or other Elizabethan parties at the time (â€Å"Medieval And Renaissance Dances†). Other upper class dances were the Saltarello and the Ballet.The Saltarello is a dance modeled after some of the more common da nces. It requires active steps combined with hopping (Miller / Renaissance Dance Steps). The Ballet is a formal and courtly dance form established at the French Court in the sixteenth century danced by trained professionals. It is very similar to the Ballet performed today, except much simpler (Alchin / Elizabethan Dance). Aside from upper class dances, lower class dances would have been performed at fairs and festivals, other than Masques and parties. Some dances of the lower class were the Brawle, the Jig, and Morris Dancing.To start, the Brawle was an â€Å"immensely popular dance performed during celebrations† (Alchin / Elizabethan Dance). In this dance, people are in a circle and move sideways (Evans / SCA Renaissance Dance). The Jig is a lower class dance, which was associated with the customs and festivals celebrated in Elizabethan England. The dance consists of flailing legs, hopping feet, and bending legs (Evans / SCA Renaissance Dance). Lastly, Morris Dancing was a ritual folk dance performed in rural England by groups of specially chosen and trained men. It is based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of horeographed figures by a group of dancers. The dancers wielded sticks, swords, handkerchiefs, and bells to apply creativity (Hall 81). Although there were many types of dances, dancing in the Elizabethan Era had certain etiquette. Dancing was a formal and special matter. It had many formations and styles (Miller / Renaissance Dance Steps). These styles included Singles and Doubles, Saltarello, Reverence, and Signals. These forms of etiquette were the guidelines of dancing in that time (Singman 137). One dancing etiquette formation was the Singles and Doubles (Miller / Renaissance Dance Steps). These are simply just steps forward or backward. They usually started with the left foot† (Miller / Renaissance Dance Steps). Often, the dancers will say, â€Å"Double forward, single back! †, which makes the whole procession move forwa rd gradually across the dance floor (â€Å"Medieval and Renaissance Dances†). Another formation was the Saltarello. It required very active steps. The Saltarello was a form used in increased movement dance like the Jig. For example, the dance required three fast steps and a hop at the end (Hall 81). Other dances needed a more behavioral factor.These behaviors included Reverence and Signals. Reverence, also known as reverena, was just a form of respect for the dancers. For example, the men would bow, while the women bend their knees in a form of a curtsey (Singman 137). Certain dancers used signals to attract other dancers. Women definitely used this technique (Hall 81). Women used their fans to signal their partner. Consequently, the fans were very symbolic. For example, â€Å"a fan fully open with the left hand meant, ‘Come and talk to me’† or â€Å"a closed fan in the right hand meant, ‘Follow me’† (Hall 81).The signals were keys to p artnership and chemistry in dancing (Hall 81). To conclude, dancing was very significant in the lifestyle of Elizabethans (â€Å"Medieval and Renaissance Dance†). It was popular due to the fact that both classes could be involved. It was unique in the many types and formations of dance. From upper class dances like the Tintertell, to lower class dances, such as the Brawle (Alchin / Elizabethan Dance). What they all shared was the need for a certain originality, inspiration, and individuality.